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<main>
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<h1><a class="header" href="#some-background-information" id="some-background-information">Some background information</a></h1>
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<p>Before we start implementing our <code>Futures</code>, we'll go through some background
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information that will help demystify some of the concepts we encounter.</p>
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<h2><a class="header" href="#concurrency-in-general" id="concurrency-in-general">Concurrency in general</a></h2>
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<p>If you find the concepts of concurrency and async programming confusing in
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general, I know where you're coming from and I have written some resources to
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try to give a high level overview that will make it easier to learn Rusts
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<code>Futures</code> afterwards:</p>
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<p><a href="https://cfsamson.github.io/book-exploring-async-basics/1_concurrent_vs_parallel.html">Async Basics - The difference between concurrency and parallelism</a>
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<a href="https://cfsamson.github.io/book-exploring-async-basics/2_async_history.html">Async Basics - Async history</a>
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<a href="https://cfsamson.github.io/book-exploring-async-basics/5_strategies_for_handling_io.html">Async Basics - Strategies for handling I/O</a>
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<a href="https://cfsamson.github.io/book-exploring-async-basics/6_epoll_kqueue_iocp.html">Async Basics - Epoll, Kqueue and IOCP</a></p>
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<h2><a class="header" href="#trait-objects-and-dynamic-dispatch" id="trait-objects-and-dynamic-dispatch">Trait objects and dynamic dispatch</a></h2>
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<p>The single most confusing topic we encounter when implementing our own <code>Futures</code>
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is how we implement a <code>Waker</code>. Creating a <code>Waker</code> involves creating a <code>vtable</code>
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which allows using dynamic dispatch to call methods on a <em>type erased</em> trait
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object we construct our selves.</p>
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<p>If you want to know more about dynamic dispatch in Rust I can recommend this article:</p>
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<p>https://alschwalm.com/blog/static/2017/03/07/exploring-dynamic-dispatch-in-rust/</p>
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<p>Let's explain this a bit more in detail.</p>
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<h2><a class="header" href="#fat-pointers-in-rust" id="fat-pointers-in-rust">Fat pointers in Rust</a></h2>
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<p>Let's take a look at the size of some different pointer types in Rust. If we
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run the following code:</p>
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<pre><pre class="playpen"><code class="language-rust"><span class="boring">use std::mem::size_of;
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</span>trait SomeTrait { }
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fn main() {
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println!("Size of Box<i32>: {}", size_of::<Box<i32>>());
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println!("Size of &i32: {}", size_of::<&i32>());
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println!("Size of &Box<i32>: {}", size_of::<&Box<i32>>());
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println!("Size of Box<Trait>: {}", size_of::<Box<SomeTrait>>());
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println!("Size of &dyn Trait: {}", size_of::<&dyn SomeTrait>());
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println!("Size of &[i32]: {}", size_of::<&[i32]>());
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println!("Size of &[&dyn Trait]: {}", size_of::<&[&dyn SomeTrait]>());
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println!("Size of [i32; 10]: {}", size_of::<[i32; 10]>());
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println!("Size of [&dyn Trait; 10]: {}", size_of::<[&dyn SomeTrait; 10]>());
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}
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</code></pre></pre>
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<p>As you see from the output after running this, the sizes of the references varies.
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Most are 8 bytes (which is a pointer size on 64 bit systems), but some are 16
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bytes.</p>
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<p>The 16 byte sized pointers are called "fat pointers" since they carry more extra
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information. </p>
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<p><strong>In the case of <code>&[i32]</code>:</strong> </p>
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<ul>
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<li>
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<p>The first 8 bytes is the actual pointer to the first element in the array
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(or part of an array the slice refers to)</p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<p>The second 8 bytes is the length of the slice.</p>
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</li>
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</ul>
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<p>The one we'll concern ourselves about is the references to traits, or
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<em>trait objects</em> as they're called in Rust.</p>
|
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<p><code>&dyn SomeTrait</code> is an example of a <em>trait object</em> </p>
|
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<p>The layout for a pointer to a <em>trait object</em> looks like this: </p>
|
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<ul>
|
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<li>The first 8 bytes points to the <code>data</code> for the trait object</li>
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<li>The second 8 bytes points to the <code>vtable</code> for the trait object</li>
|
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</ul>
|
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<p>The reason for this is to allow us to refer to an object we know nothing about
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except that it implements the methods defined by our trait. To allow this we use
|
||||
dynamic dispatch.</p>
|
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<p>Let's explain this in code instead of words by implementing our own trait
|
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object from these parts:</p>
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<pre><pre class="playpen"><code class="language-rust editable">// A reference to a trait object is a fat pointer: (data_ptr, vtable_ptr)
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trait Test {
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fn add(&self) -> i32;
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fn sub(&self) -> i32;
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fn mul(&self) -> i32;
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}
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// This will represent our home brewn fat pointer to a trait object
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#[repr(C)]
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struct FatPointer<'a> {
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/// A reference is a pointer to an instantiated `Data` instance
|
||||
data: &'a mut Data,
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/// Since we need to pass in literal values like length and alignment it's
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/// easiest for us to convert pointers to usize-integers instead of the other way around.
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vtable: *const usize,
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}
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// This is the data in our trait object. It's just two numbers we want to operate on.
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struct Data {
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a: i32,
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b: i32,
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}
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// ====== function definitions ======
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fn add(s: &Data) -> i32 {
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s.a + s.b
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}
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fn sub(s: &Data) -> i32 {
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s.a - s.b
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}
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fn mul(s: &Data) -> i32 {
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s.a * s.b
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}
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fn main() {
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let mut data = Data {a: 3, b: 2};
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// vtable is like special purpose array of pointer-length types with a fixed
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// format where the three first values has a special meaning like the
|
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// length of the array is encoded in the array itself as the second value.
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let vtable = vec![
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0, // pointer to `Drop` (which we're not implementing here)
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6, // lenght of vtable
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||||
8, // alignment
|
||||
// we need to make sure we add these in the same order as defined in the Trait.
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||||
// Try changing the order of add and sub and see what happens.
|
||||
add as usize, // function pointer
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||||
sub as usize, // function pointer
|
||||
mul as usize, // function pointer
|
||||
];
|
||||
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||||
let fat_pointer = FatPointer { data: &mut data, vtable: vtable.as_ptr()};
|
||||
let test = unsafe { std::mem::transmute::<FatPointer, &dyn Test>(fat_pointer) };
|
||||
|
||||
// And voalá, it's now a trait object we can call methods on
|
||||
println!("Add: 3 + 2 = {}", test.add());
|
||||
println!("Sub: 3 - 2 = {}", test.sub());
|
||||
println!("Mul: 3 * 2 = {}", test.mul());
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
</code></pre></pre>
|
||||
<p>If you run this code by pressing the "play" button at the top you'll se it
|
||||
outputs just what we expect. </p>
|
||||
<p>This code example is editable so you can change it
|
||||
and run it to see what happens.</p>
|
||||
<p>The reason we go through this will be clear later on when we implement our own
|
||||
<code>Waker</code> we'll actually set up a <code>vtable</code> like we do here to and knowing what
|
||||
it is will make this much less mysterious.</p>
|
||||
<p>With that out of the way, let's move on to our main example.</p>
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|
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<h1 class="menu-title">Futures Explained in 200 Lines of Rust</h1>
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<title>Some background information - Futures Explained in 200 Lines of Rust</title>
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<title>Bonus: concurrent futures - Futures Explained in 200 Lines of Rust</title>
|
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|
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|
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43
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@@ -267,19 +237,21 @@ function playpen_text(playpen) {
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|
||||
copyCodeClipboardButton.setAttribute('aria-label', copyCodeClipboardButton.title);
|
||||
|
||||
buttons.insertBefore(runCodeButton, buttons.firstChild);
|
||||
buttons.insertBefore(copyCodeClipboardButton, buttons.firstChild);
|
||||
|
||||
runCodeButton.addEventListener('click', function (e) {
|
||||
run_rust_code(pre_block);
|
||||
});
|
||||
|
||||
if (window.playpen_copyable) {
|
||||
var copyCodeClipboardButton = document.createElement('button');
|
||||
copyCodeClipboardButton.className = 'fa fa-copy clip-button';
|
||||
copyCodeClipboardButton.innerHTML = '<i class="tooltiptext"></i>';
|
||||
copyCodeClipboardButton.title = 'Copy to clipboard';
|
||||
copyCodeClipboardButton.setAttribute('aria-label', copyCodeClipboardButton.title);
|
||||
|
||||
buttons.insertBefore(copyCodeClipboardButton, buttons.firstChild);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
let code_block = pre_block.querySelector("code");
|
||||
if (window.ace && code_block.classList.contains("editable")) {
|
||||
var undoChangesButton = document.createElement('button');
|
||||
@@ -321,7 +293,7 @@ function playpen_text(playpen) {
|
||||
themeToggleButton.focus();
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
function set_theme(theme) {
|
||||
function set_theme(theme, store = true) {
|
||||
let ace_theme;
|
||||
|
||||
if (theme == 'coal' || theme == 'navy') {
|
||||
@@ -356,9 +328,10 @@ function playpen_text(playpen) {
|
||||
try { previousTheme = localStorage.getItem('mdbook-theme'); } catch (e) { }
|
||||
if (previousTheme === null || previousTheme === undefined) { previousTheme = default_theme; }
|
||||
|
||||
try { localStorage.setItem('mdbook-theme', theme); } catch (e) { }
|
||||
if (store) {
|
||||
try { localStorage.setItem('mdbook-theme', theme); } catch (e) { }
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
document.body.className = theme;
|
||||
html.classList.remove(previousTheme);
|
||||
html.classList.add(theme);
|
||||
}
|
||||
@@ -368,7 +341,7 @@ function playpen_text(playpen) {
|
||||
try { theme = localStorage.getItem('mdbook-theme'); } catch(e) { }
|
||||
if (theme === null || theme === undefined) { theme = default_theme; }
|
||||
|
||||
set_theme(theme);
|
||||
set_theme(theme, false);
|
||||
|
||||
themeToggleButton.addEventListener('click', function () {
|
||||
if (themePopup.style.display === 'block') {
|
||||
@@ -390,7 +363,7 @@ function playpen_text(playpen) {
|
||||
}
|
||||
});
|
||||
|
||||
// Should not be needed, but it works around an issue on macOS & iOS: https://github.com/rust-lang-nursery/mdBook/issues/628
|
||||
// Should not be needed, but it works around an issue on macOS & iOS: https://github.com/rust-lang/mdBook/issues/628
|
||||
document.addEventListener('click', function(e) {
|
||||
if (themePopup.style.display === 'block' && !themeToggleButton.contains(e.target) && !themePopup.contains(e.target)) {
|
||||
hideThemes();
|
||||
@@ -435,6 +408,7 @@ function playpen_text(playpen) {
|
||||
(function sidebar() {
|
||||
var html = document.querySelector("html");
|
||||
var sidebar = document.getElementById("sidebar");
|
||||
var sidebarScrollBox = document.getElementById("sidebar-scrollbox");
|
||||
var sidebarLinks = document.querySelectorAll('#sidebar a');
|
||||
var sidebarToggleButton = document.getElementById("sidebar-toggle");
|
||||
var sidebarResizeHandle = document.getElementById("sidebar-resize-handle");
|
||||
@@ -451,6 +425,17 @@ function playpen_text(playpen) {
|
||||
try { localStorage.setItem('mdbook-sidebar', 'visible'); } catch (e) { }
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
var sidebarAnchorToggles = document.querySelectorAll('#sidebar a.toggle');
|
||||
|
||||
function toggleSection(ev) {
|
||||
ev.currentTarget.parentElement.classList.toggle('expanded');
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
Array.from(sidebarAnchorToggles).forEach(function (el) {
|
||||
el.addEventListener('click', toggleSection);
|
||||
});
|
||||
|
||||
function hideSidebar() {
|
||||
html.classList.remove('sidebar-visible')
|
||||
html.classList.add('sidebar-hidden');
|
||||
@@ -522,7 +507,7 @@ function playpen_text(playpen) {
|
||||
// Scroll sidebar to current active section
|
||||
var activeSection = sidebar.querySelector(".active");
|
||||
if (activeSection) {
|
||||
sidebar.scrollTop = activeSection.offsetTop;
|
||||
sidebarScrollBox.scrollTop = activeSection.offsetTop;
|
||||
}
|
||||
})();
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -615,6 +600,6 @@ function playpen_text(playpen) {
|
||||
menu.classList.remove('bordered');
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
previousScrollTop = document.scrollingElement.scrollTop;
|
||||
previousScrollTop = Math.max(document.scrollingElement.scrollTop, 0);
|
||||
}, { passive: true });
|
||||
})();
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -8,7 +8,9 @@
|
||||
::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb {
|
||||
background: var(--scrollbar);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
html {
|
||||
scrollbar-color: var(--scrollbar) var(--bg);
|
||||
}
|
||||
#searchresults a,
|
||||
.content a:link,
|
||||
a:visited,
|
||||
@@ -43,7 +45,7 @@ a > .hljs {
|
||||
position: relative;
|
||||
padding: 0 8px;
|
||||
z-index: 10;
|
||||
line-height: 50px;
|
||||
line-height: var(--menu-bar-height);
|
||||
cursor: pointer;
|
||||
transition: color 0.5s;
|
||||
}
|
||||
@@ -71,7 +73,7 @@ a > .hljs {
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
html:not(.sidebar-visible) #menu-bar:not(:hover).folded > #menu-bar-sticky-container {
|
||||
transform: translateY(-60px);
|
||||
transform: translateY(calc(-10px - var(--menu-bar-height)));
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.left-buttons {
|
||||
@@ -85,8 +87,8 @@ html:not(.sidebar-visible) #menu-bar:not(:hover).folded > #menu-bar-sticky-conta
|
||||
.menu-title {
|
||||
display: inline-block;
|
||||
font-weight: 200;
|
||||
font-size: 20px;
|
||||
line-height: 50px;
|
||||
font-size: 2rem;
|
||||
line-height: var(--menu-bar-height);
|
||||
text-align: center;
|
||||
margin: 0;
|
||||
flex: 1;
|
||||
@@ -124,7 +126,7 @@ html:not(.sidebar-visible) #menu-bar:not(:hover).folded > #menu-bar-sticky-conta
|
||||
text-decoration: none;
|
||||
|
||||
position: fixed;
|
||||
top: 50px; /* Height of menu-bar */
|
||||
top: 0;
|
||||
bottom: 0;
|
||||
margin: 0;
|
||||
max-width: 150px;
|
||||
@@ -135,10 +137,14 @@ html:not(.sidebar-visible) #menu-bar:not(:hover).folded > #menu-bar-sticky-conta
|
||||
align-content: center;
|
||||
flex-direction: column;
|
||||
|
||||
transition: color 0.5s;
|
||||
transition: color 0.5s, background-color 0.5s;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.nav-chapters:hover { text-decoration: none; }
|
||||
.nav-chapters:hover {
|
||||
text-decoration: none;
|
||||
background-color: var(--theme-hover);
|
||||
transition: background-color 0.15s, color 0.15s;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.nav-wrapper {
|
||||
margin-top: 50px;
|
||||
@@ -176,8 +182,7 @@ html:not(.sidebar-visible) #menu-bar:not(:hover).folded > #menu-bar-sticky-conta
|
||||
/* Inline code */
|
||||
|
||||
:not(pre) > .hljs {
|
||||
display: inline-block;
|
||||
vertical-align: middle;
|
||||
display: inline;
|
||||
padding: 0.1em 0.3em;
|
||||
border-radius: 3px;
|
||||
}
|
||||
@@ -370,7 +375,13 @@ ul#searchresults span.teaser em {
|
||||
padding-left: 0;
|
||||
line-height: 2.2em;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.chapter ol {
|
||||
width: 100%;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.chapter li {
|
||||
display: flex;
|
||||
color: var(--sidebar-non-existant);
|
||||
}
|
||||
.chapter li a {
|
||||
@@ -384,10 +395,32 @@ ul#searchresults span.teaser em {
|
||||
color: var(--sidebar-active);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.chapter li .active {
|
||||
.chapter li a.active {
|
||||
color: var(--sidebar-active);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.chapter li > a.toggle {
|
||||
cursor: pointer;
|
||||
display: block;
|
||||
margin-left: auto;
|
||||
padding: 0 10px;
|
||||
user-select: none;
|
||||
opacity: 0.68;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.chapter li > a.toggle div {
|
||||
transition: transform 0.5s;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* collapse the section */
|
||||
.chapter li:not(.expanded) + li > ol {
|
||||
display: none;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.chapter li.expanded > a.toggle div {
|
||||
transform: rotate(90deg);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.spacer {
|
||||
width: 100%;
|
||||
height: 3px;
|
||||
@@ -413,7 +446,7 @@ ul#searchresults span.teaser em {
|
||||
.theme-popup {
|
||||
position: absolute;
|
||||
left: 10px;
|
||||
top: 50px;
|
||||
top: var(--menu-bar-height);
|
||||
z-index: 1000;
|
||||
border-radius: 4px;
|
||||
font-size: 0.7em;
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -2,6 +2,11 @@
|
||||
|
||||
@import 'variables.css';
|
||||
|
||||
:root {
|
||||
/* Browser default font-size is 16px, this way 1 rem = 10px */
|
||||
font-size: 62.5%;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
html {
|
||||
font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif;
|
||||
color: var(--fg);
|
||||
@@ -11,19 +16,20 @@ html {
|
||||
|
||||
body {
|
||||
margin: 0;
|
||||
font-size: 1rem;
|
||||
font-size: 1.6rem;
|
||||
overflow-x: hidden;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
code {
|
||||
font-family: "Source Code Pro", Consolas, "Ubuntu Mono", Menlo, "DejaVu Sans Mono", monospace, monospace;
|
||||
font-family: "Source Code Pro", Consolas, "Ubuntu Mono", Menlo, "DejaVu Sans Mono", monospace, monospace !important;
|
||||
font-size: 0.875em; /* please adjust the ace font size accordingly in editor.js */
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.left { float: left; }
|
||||
.right { float: right; }
|
||||
.boring { opacity: 0.6; }
|
||||
.hide-boring .boring { display: none; }
|
||||
.hidden { display: none; }
|
||||
.play-button.hidden { display: none; }
|
||||
|
||||
h2, h3 { margin-top: 2.5em; }
|
||||
h4, h5 { margin-top: 2em; }
|
||||
@@ -44,6 +50,13 @@ h4 a.header:target::before {
|
||||
width: 30px;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
h1 a.header:target,
|
||||
h2 a.header:target,
|
||||
h3 a.header:target,
|
||||
h4 a.header:target {
|
||||
scroll-margin-top: calc(var(--menu-bar-height) + 0.5em);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.page {
|
||||
outline: 0;
|
||||
padding: 0 var(--page-padding);
|
||||
@@ -92,6 +105,9 @@ table thead td {
|
||||
font-weight: 700;
|
||||
border: none;
|
||||
}
|
||||
table thead th {
|
||||
padding: 3px 20px;
|
||||
}
|
||||
table thead tr {
|
||||
border: 1px var(--table-header-bg) solid;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
|
||||
--sidebar-width: 300px;
|
||||
--page-padding: 15px;
|
||||
--content-max-width: 750px;
|
||||
--menu-bar-height: 50px;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* Themes */
|
||||
@@ -208,3 +209,45 @@
|
||||
--searchresults-li-bg: #dec2a2;
|
||||
--search-mark-bg: #e69f67;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
@media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {
|
||||
.light.no-js {
|
||||
--bg: hsl(200, 7%, 8%);
|
||||
--fg: #98a3ad;
|
||||
|
||||
--sidebar-bg: #292c2f;
|
||||
--sidebar-fg: #a1adb8;
|
||||
--sidebar-non-existant: #505254;
|
||||
--sidebar-active: #3473ad;
|
||||
--sidebar-spacer: #393939;
|
||||
|
||||
--scrollbar: var(--sidebar-fg);
|
||||
|
||||
--icons: #43484d;
|
||||
--icons-hover: #b3c0cc;
|
||||
|
||||
--links: #2b79a2;
|
||||
|
||||
--inline-code-color: #c5c8c6;;
|
||||
|
||||
--theme-popup-bg: #141617;
|
||||
--theme-popup-border: #43484d;
|
||||
--theme-hover: #1f2124;
|
||||
|
||||
--quote-bg: hsl(234, 21%, 18%);
|
||||
--quote-border: hsl(234, 21%, 23%);
|
||||
|
||||
--table-border-color: hsl(200, 7%, 13%);
|
||||
--table-header-bg: hsl(200, 7%, 28%);
|
||||
--table-alternate-bg: hsl(200, 7%, 11%);
|
||||
|
||||
--searchbar-border-color: #aaa;
|
||||
--searchbar-bg: #b7b7b7;
|
||||
--searchbar-fg: #000;
|
||||
--searchbar-shadow-color: #aaa;
|
||||
--searchresults-header-fg: #666;
|
||||
--searchresults-border-color: #98a3ad;
|
||||
--searchresults-li-bg: #2b2b2f;
|
||||
--search-mark-bg: #355c7d;
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
29
book/editor.js
Normal file
29
book/editor.js
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
|
||||
"use strict";
|
||||
window.editors = [];
|
||||
(function(editors) {
|
||||
if (typeof(ace) === 'undefined' || !ace) {
|
||||
return;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
Array.from(document.querySelectorAll('.editable')).forEach(function(editable) {
|
||||
let display_line_numbers = window.playpen_line_numbers || false;
|
||||
|
||||
let editor = ace.edit(editable);
|
||||
editor.setOptions({
|
||||
highlightActiveLine: false,
|
||||
showPrintMargin: false,
|
||||
showLineNumbers: display_line_numbers,
|
||||
showGutter: display_line_numbers,
|
||||
maxLines: Infinity,
|
||||
fontSize: "0.875em" // please adjust the font size of the code in general.css
|
||||
});
|
||||
|
||||
editor.$blockScrolling = Infinity;
|
||||
|
||||
editor.getSession().setMode("ace/mode/rust");
|
||||
|
||||
editor.originalCode = editor.getValue();
|
||||
|
||||
editors.push(editor);
|
||||
});
|
||||
})(window.editors);
|
||||
File diff suppressed because one or more lines are too long
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
|
||||
<html lang="en" class="sidebar-visible no-js">
|
||||
<html lang="en" class="sidebar-visible no-js light">
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<!-- Book generated using mdBook -->
|
||||
<meta charset="UTF-8">
|
||||
@@ -32,11 +32,11 @@
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</head>
|
||||
<body class="light">
|
||||
<body>
|
||||
<!-- Provide site root to javascript -->
|
||||
<script type="text/javascript">
|
||||
var path_to_root = "";
|
||||
var default_theme = "light";
|
||||
var default_theme = window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: dark)").matches ? "light" : "light";
|
||||
</script>
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- Work around some values being stored in localStorage wrapped in quotes -->
|
||||
@@ -60,8 +60,11 @@
|
||||
var theme;
|
||||
try { theme = localStorage.getItem('mdbook-theme'); } catch(e) { }
|
||||
if (theme === null || theme === undefined) { theme = default_theme; }
|
||||
document.body.className = theme;
|
||||
document.querySelector('html').className = theme + ' js';
|
||||
var html = document.querySelector('html');
|
||||
html.classList.remove('no-js')
|
||||
html.classList.remove('light')
|
||||
html.classList.add(theme);
|
||||
html.classList.add('js');
|
||||
</script>
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- Hide / unhide sidebar before it is displayed -->
|
||||
@@ -77,8 +80,8 @@
|
||||
</script>
|
||||
|
||||
<nav id="sidebar" class="sidebar" aria-label="Table of contents">
|
||||
<div class="sidebar-scrollbox">
|
||||
<ol class="chapter"><li><a href="0_0_Introduction.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Introduction</a></li><li><a href="0_1_BackgroundInformation.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Some background information</a></li></ol>
|
||||
<div id="sidebar-scrollbox" class="sidebar-scrollbox">
|
||||
<ol class="chapter"><li class="expanded "><a href="0_0_introduction.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Introduction</a></li><li class="expanded "><a href="0_1_background_information.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Some background information</a></li><li class="expanded "><a href="0_2_naive_implementation.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Naive example</a></li><li class="expanded "><a href="0_3_proper_waker.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Proper Waker</a></li><li class="expanded "><a href="0_4_proper_future.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Proper Future</a></li><li class="expanded "><a href="0_5_async_wait.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Supporting async/await</a></li><li class="expanded "><a href="0_6_concurrent_futures.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.</strong> Bonus: concurrent futures</a></li></ol>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div id="sidebar-resize-handle" class="sidebar-resize-handle"></div>
|
||||
</nav>
|
||||
@@ -154,6 +157,10 @@
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<a rel="next" href="0_1_background_information.html" class="mobile-nav-chapters next" title="Next chapter" aria-label="Next chapter" aria-keyshortcuts="Right">
|
||||
<i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i>
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<div style="clear: both"></div>
|
||||
</nav>
|
||||
@@ -164,6 +171,10 @@
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="0_1_background_information.html" class="nav-chapters next" title="Next chapter" aria-label="Next chapter" aria-keyshortcuts="Right">
|
||||
<i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i>
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
</nav>
|
||||
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
@@ -173,6 +184,20 @@
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<script type="text/javascript">
|
||||
window.playpen_copyable = true;
|
||||
</script>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<script src="ace.js" type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||||
<script src="editor.js" type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||||
<script src="mode-rust.js" type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||||
<script src="theme-dawn.js" type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||||
<script src="theme-tomorrow_night.js" type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<script src="elasticlunr.min.js" type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||||
|
||||
7
book/mode-rust.js
Normal file
7
book/mode-rust.js
Normal file
File diff suppressed because one or more lines are too long
169
book/print.html
169
book/print.html
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
|
||||
<html lang="en" class="sidebar-visible no-js">
|
||||
<html lang="en" class="sidebar-visible no-js light">
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<!-- Book generated using mdBook -->
|
||||
<meta charset="UTF-8">
|
||||
@@ -34,11 +34,11 @@
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</head>
|
||||
<body class="light">
|
||||
<body>
|
||||
<!-- Provide site root to javascript -->
|
||||
<script type="text/javascript">
|
||||
var path_to_root = "";
|
||||
var default_theme = "light";
|
||||
var default_theme = window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: dark)").matches ? "light" : "light";
|
||||
</script>
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- Work around some values being stored in localStorage wrapped in quotes -->
|
||||
@@ -62,8 +62,11 @@
|
||||
var theme;
|
||||
try { theme = localStorage.getItem('mdbook-theme'); } catch(e) { }
|
||||
if (theme === null || theme === undefined) { theme = default_theme; }
|
||||
document.body.className = theme;
|
||||
document.querySelector('html').className = theme + ' js';
|
||||
var html = document.querySelector('html');
|
||||
html.classList.remove('no-js')
|
||||
html.classList.remove('light')
|
||||
html.classList.add(theme);
|
||||
html.classList.add('js');
|
||||
</script>
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- Hide / unhide sidebar before it is displayed -->
|
||||
@@ -79,8 +82,8 @@
|
||||
</script>
|
||||
|
||||
<nav id="sidebar" class="sidebar" aria-label="Table of contents">
|
||||
<div class="sidebar-scrollbox">
|
||||
<ol class="chapter"><li><a href="0_0_Introduction.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Introduction</a></li><li><a href="0_1_BackgroundInformation.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Some background information</a></li></ol>
|
||||
<div id="sidebar-scrollbox" class="sidebar-scrollbox">
|
||||
<ol class="chapter"><li class="expanded "><a href="0_0_introduction.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Introduction</a></li><li class="expanded "><a href="0_1_background_information.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Some background information</a></li><li class="expanded "><a href="0_2_naive_implementation.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Naive example</a></li><li class="expanded "><a href="0_3_proper_waker.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Proper Waker</a></li><li class="expanded "><a href="0_4_proper_future.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Proper Future</a></li><li class="expanded "><a href="0_5_async_wait.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Supporting async/await</a></li><li class="expanded "><a href="0_6_concurrent_futures.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.</strong> Bonus: concurrent futures</a></li></ol>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div id="sidebar-resize-handle" class="sidebar-resize-handle"></div>
|
||||
</nav>
|
||||
@@ -149,6 +152,144 @@
|
||||
<main>
|
||||
<h1><a class="header" href="#introduction" id="introduction">Introduction</a></h1>
|
||||
<h1><a class="header" href="#some-background-information" id="some-background-information">Some background information</a></h1>
|
||||
<p>Before we start implementing our <code>Futures</code>, we'll go through some background
|
||||
information that will help demystify some of the concepts we encounter.</p>
|
||||
<h2><a class="header" href="#concurrency-in-general" id="concurrency-in-general">Concurrency in general</a></h2>
|
||||
<p>If you find the concepts of concurrency and async programming confusing in
|
||||
general, I know where you're coming from and I have written some resources to
|
||||
try to give a high level overview that will make it easier to learn Rusts
|
||||
<code>Futures</code> afterwards:</p>
|
||||
<p><a href="https://cfsamson.github.io/book-exploring-async-basics/1_concurrent_vs_parallel.html">Async Basics - The difference between concurrency and parallelism</a>
|
||||
<a href="https://cfsamson.github.io/book-exploring-async-basics/2_async_history.html">Async Basics - Async history</a>
|
||||
<a href="https://cfsamson.github.io/book-exploring-async-basics/5_strategies_for_handling_io.html">Async Basics - Strategies for handling I/O</a>
|
||||
<a href="https://cfsamson.github.io/book-exploring-async-basics/6_epoll_kqueue_iocp.html">Async Basics - Epoll, Kqueue and IOCP</a></p>
|
||||
<h2><a class="header" href="#trait-objects-and-dynamic-dispatch" id="trait-objects-and-dynamic-dispatch">Trait objects and dynamic dispatch</a></h2>
|
||||
<p>The single most confusing topic we encounter when implementing our own <code>Futures</code>
|
||||
is how we implement a <code>Waker</code>. Creating a <code>Waker</code> involves creating a <code>vtable</code>
|
||||
which allows using dynamic dispatch to call methods on a <em>type erased</em> trait
|
||||
object we construct our selves.</p>
|
||||
<p>If you want to know more about dynamic dispatch in Rust I can recommend this article:</p>
|
||||
<p>https://alschwalm.com/blog/static/2017/03/07/exploring-dynamic-dispatch-in-rust/</p>
|
||||
<p>Let's explain this a bit more in detail.</p>
|
||||
<h2><a class="header" href="#fat-pointers-in-rust" id="fat-pointers-in-rust">Fat pointers in Rust</a></h2>
|
||||
<p>Let's take a look at the size of some different pointer types in Rust. If we
|
||||
run the following code:</p>
|
||||
<pre><pre class="playpen"><code class="language-rust"><span class="boring">use std::mem::size_of;
|
||||
</span>trait SomeTrait { }
|
||||
|
||||
fn main() {
|
||||
println!("Size of Box<i32>: {}", size_of::<Box<i32>>());
|
||||
println!("Size of &i32: {}", size_of::<&i32>());
|
||||
println!("Size of &Box<i32>: {}", size_of::<&Box<i32>>());
|
||||
println!("Size of Box<Trait>: {}", size_of::<Box<SomeTrait>>());
|
||||
println!("Size of &dyn Trait: {}", size_of::<&dyn SomeTrait>());
|
||||
println!("Size of &[i32]: {}", size_of::<&[i32]>());
|
||||
println!("Size of &[&dyn Trait]: {}", size_of::<&[&dyn SomeTrait]>());
|
||||
println!("Size of [i32; 10]: {}", size_of::<[i32; 10]>());
|
||||
println!("Size of [&dyn Trait; 10]: {}", size_of::<[&dyn SomeTrait; 10]>());
|
||||
}
|
||||
</code></pre></pre>
|
||||
<p>As you see from the output after running this, the sizes of the references varies.
|
||||
Most are 8 bytes (which is a pointer size on 64 bit systems), but some are 16
|
||||
bytes.</p>
|
||||
<p>The 16 byte sized pointers are called "fat pointers" since they carry more extra
|
||||
information. </p>
|
||||
<p><strong>In the case of <code>&[i32]</code>:</strong> </p>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<p>The first 8 bytes is the actual pointer to the first element in the array
|
||||
(or part of an array the slice refers to)</p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<p>The second 8 bytes is the length of the slice.</p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<p>The one we'll concern ourselves about is the references to traits, or
|
||||
<em>trait objects</em> as they're called in Rust.</p>
|
||||
<p><code>&dyn SomeTrait</code> is an example of a <em>trait object</em> </p>
|
||||
<p>The layout for a pointer to a <em>trait object</em> looks like this: </p>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li>The first 8 bytes points to the <code>data</code> for the trait object</li>
|
||||
<li>The second 8 bytes points to the <code>vtable</code> for the trait object</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<p>The reason for this is to allow us to refer to an object we know nothing about
|
||||
except that it implements the methods defined by our trait. To allow this we use
|
||||
dynamic dispatch.</p>
|
||||
<p>Let's explain this in code instead of words by implementing our own trait
|
||||
object from these parts:</p>
|
||||
<pre><pre class="playpen"><code class="language-rust editable">// A reference to a trait object is a fat pointer: (data_ptr, vtable_ptr)
|
||||
trait Test {
|
||||
fn add(&self) -> i32;
|
||||
fn sub(&self) -> i32;
|
||||
fn mul(&self) -> i32;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// This will represent our home brewn fat pointer to a trait object
|
||||
#[repr(C)]
|
||||
struct FatPointer<'a> {
|
||||
/// A reference is a pointer to an instantiated `Data` instance
|
||||
data: &'a mut Data,
|
||||
/// Since we need to pass in literal values like length and alignment it's
|
||||
/// easiest for us to convert pointers to usize-integers instead of the other way around.
|
||||
vtable: *const usize,
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// This is the data in our trait object. It's just two numbers we want to operate on.
|
||||
struct Data {
|
||||
a: i32,
|
||||
b: i32,
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// ====== function definitions ======
|
||||
fn add(s: &Data) -> i32 {
|
||||
s.a + s.b
|
||||
}
|
||||
fn sub(s: &Data) -> i32 {
|
||||
s.a - s.b
|
||||
}
|
||||
fn mul(s: &Data) -> i32 {
|
||||
s.a * s.b
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
fn main() {
|
||||
let mut data = Data {a: 3, b: 2};
|
||||
// vtable is like special purpose array of pointer-length types with a fixed
|
||||
// format where the three first values has a special meaning like the
|
||||
// length of the array is encoded in the array itself as the second value.
|
||||
let vtable = vec![
|
||||
0, // pointer to `Drop` (which we're not implementing here)
|
||||
6, // lenght of vtable
|
||||
8, // alignment
|
||||
// we need to make sure we add these in the same order as defined in the Trait.
|
||||
// Try changing the order of add and sub and see what happens.
|
||||
add as usize, // function pointer
|
||||
sub as usize, // function pointer
|
||||
mul as usize, // function pointer
|
||||
];
|
||||
|
||||
let fat_pointer = FatPointer { data: &mut data, vtable: vtable.as_ptr()};
|
||||
let test = unsafe { std::mem::transmute::<FatPointer, &dyn Test>(fat_pointer) };
|
||||
|
||||
// And voalá, it's now a trait object we can call methods on
|
||||
println!("Add: 3 + 2 = {}", test.add());
|
||||
println!("Sub: 3 - 2 = {}", test.sub());
|
||||
println!("Mul: 3 * 2 = {}", test.mul());
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
</code></pre></pre>
|
||||
<p>If you run this code by pressing the "play" button at the top you'll se it
|
||||
outputs just what we expect. </p>
|
||||
<p>This code example is editable so you can change it
|
||||
and run it to see what happens.</p>
|
||||
<p>The reason we go through this will be clear later on when we implement our own
|
||||
<code>Waker</code> we'll actually set up a <code>vtable</code> like we do here to and knowing what
|
||||
it is will make this much less mysterious.</p>
|
||||
<p>With that out of the way, let's move on to our main example.</p>
|
||||
<h1><a class="header" href="#naive-example" id="naive-example">Naive example</a></h1>
|
||||
<h1><a class="header" href="#proper-waker" id="proper-waker">Proper Waker</a></h1>
|
||||
<h1><a class="header" href="#proper-future" id="proper-future">Proper Future</a></h1>
|
||||
<h1><a class="header" href="#supporting-asyncawait" id="supporting-asyncawait">Supporting async/await</a></h1>
|
||||
<h1><a class="header" href="#bonus-concurrent-futures" id="bonus-concurrent-futures">Bonus: concurrent futures</a></h1>
|
||||
|
||||
</main>
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -176,6 +317,20 @@
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<script type="text/javascript">
|
||||
window.playpen_copyable = true;
|
||||
</script>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<script src="ace.js" type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||||
<script src="editor.js" type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||||
<script src="mode-rust.js" type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||||
<script src="theme-dawn.js" type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||||
<script src="theme-tomorrow_night.js" type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<script src="elasticlunr.min.js" type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||||
|
||||
File diff suppressed because one or more lines are too long
File diff suppressed because one or more lines are too long
7
book/theme-dawn.js
Normal file
7
book/theme-dawn.js
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
|
||||
ace.define("ace/theme/dawn",["require","exports","module","ace/lib/dom"],function(e,t,n){t.isDark=!1,t.cssClass="ace-dawn",t.cssText=".ace-dawn .ace_gutter {background: #ebebeb;color: #333}.ace-dawn .ace_print-margin {width: 1px;background: #e8e8e8}.ace-dawn {background-color: #F9F9F9;color: #080808}.ace-dawn .ace_cursor {color: #000000}.ace-dawn .ace_marker-layer .ace_selection {background: rgba(39, 95, 255, 0.30)}.ace-dawn.ace_multiselect .ace_selection.ace_start {box-shadow: 0 0 3px 0px #F9F9F9;}.ace-dawn .ace_marker-layer .ace_step {background: rgb(255, 255, 0)}.ace-dawn .ace_marker-layer .ace_bracket {margin: -1px 0 0 -1px;border: 1px solid rgba(75, 75, 126, 0.50)}.ace-dawn .ace_marker-layer .ace_active-line {background: rgba(36, 99, 180, 0.12)}.ace-dawn .ace_gutter-active-line {background-color : #dcdcdc}.ace-dawn .ace_marker-layer .ace_selected-word {border: 1px solid rgba(39, 95, 255, 0.30)}.ace-dawn .ace_invisible {color: rgba(75, 75, 126, 0.50)}.ace-dawn .ace_keyword,.ace-dawn .ace_meta {color: #794938}.ace-dawn .ace_constant,.ace-dawn .ace_constant.ace_character,.ace-dawn .ace_constant.ace_character.ace_escape,.ace-dawn .ace_constant.ace_other {color: #811F24}.ace-dawn .ace_invalid.ace_illegal {text-decoration: underline;font-style: italic;color: #F8F8F8;background-color: #B52A1D}.ace-dawn .ace_invalid.ace_deprecated {text-decoration: underline;font-style: italic;color: #B52A1D}.ace-dawn .ace_support {color: #691C97}.ace-dawn .ace_support.ace_constant {color: #B4371F}.ace-dawn .ace_fold {background-color: #794938;border-color: #080808}.ace-dawn .ace_list,.ace-dawn .ace_markup.ace_list,.ace-dawn .ace_support.ace_function {color: #693A17}.ace-dawn .ace_storage {font-style: italic;color: #A71D5D}.ace-dawn .ace_string {color: #0B6125}.ace-dawn .ace_string.ace_regexp {color: #CF5628}.ace-dawn .ace_comment {font-style: italic;color: #5A525F}.ace-dawn .ace_heading,.ace-dawn .ace_markup.ace_heading {color: #19356D}.ace-dawn .ace_variable {color: #234A97}.ace-dawn .ace_indent-guide {background: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAACCAYAAACZgbYnAAAAEklEQVQImWNgYGBgYLh/5+x/AAizA4hxNNsZAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC) right repeat-y}";var r=e("../lib/dom");r.importCssString(t.cssText,t.cssClass)}); (function() {
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||||
ace.require(["ace/theme/dawn"], function(m) {
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||||
if (typeof module == "object" && typeof exports == "object" && module) {
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||||
module.exports = m;
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||||
}
|
||||
});
|
||||
})();
|
||||
7
book/theme-tomorrow_night.js
Normal file
7
book/theme-tomorrow_night.js
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
|
||||
ace.define("ace/theme/tomorrow_night",["require","exports","module","ace/lib/dom"],function(e,t,n){t.isDark=!0,t.cssClass="ace-tomorrow-night",t.cssText=".ace-tomorrow-night .ace_gutter {background: #25282c;color: #C5C8C6}.ace-tomorrow-night .ace_print-margin {width: 1px;background: #25282c}.ace-tomorrow-night {background-color: #1D1F21;color: #C5C8C6}.ace-tomorrow-night .ace_cursor {color: #AEAFAD}.ace-tomorrow-night .ace_marker-layer .ace_selection {background: #373B41}.ace-tomorrow-night.ace_multiselect .ace_selection.ace_start {box-shadow: 0 0 3px 0px #1D1F21;}.ace-tomorrow-night .ace_marker-layer .ace_step {background: rgb(102, 82, 0)}.ace-tomorrow-night .ace_marker-layer .ace_bracket {margin: -1px 0 0 -1px;border: 1px solid #4B4E55}.ace-tomorrow-night .ace_marker-layer .ace_active-line {background: #282A2E}.ace-tomorrow-night .ace_gutter-active-line {background-color: #282A2E}.ace-tomorrow-night .ace_marker-layer .ace_selected-word {border: 1px solid #373B41}.ace-tomorrow-night .ace_invisible {color: #4B4E55}.ace-tomorrow-night .ace_keyword,.ace-tomorrow-night .ace_meta,.ace-tomorrow-night .ace_storage,.ace-tomorrow-night .ace_storage.ace_type,.ace-tomorrow-night .ace_support.ace_type {color: #B294BB}.ace-tomorrow-night .ace_keyword.ace_operator {color: #8ABEB7}.ace-tomorrow-night .ace_constant.ace_character,.ace-tomorrow-night .ace_constant.ace_language,.ace-tomorrow-night .ace_constant.ace_numeric,.ace-tomorrow-night .ace_keyword.ace_other.ace_unit,.ace-tomorrow-night .ace_support.ace_constant,.ace-tomorrow-night .ace_variable.ace_parameter {color: #DE935F}.ace-tomorrow-night .ace_constant.ace_other {color: #CED1CF}.ace-tomorrow-night .ace_invalid {color: #CED2CF;background-color: #DF5F5F}.ace-tomorrow-night .ace_invalid.ace_deprecated {color: #CED2CF;background-color: #B798BF}.ace-tomorrow-night .ace_fold {background-color: #81A2BE;border-color: #C5C8C6}.ace-tomorrow-night .ace_entity.ace_name.ace_function,.ace-tomorrow-night .ace_support.ace_function,.ace-tomorrow-night .ace_variable {color: #81A2BE}.ace-tomorrow-night .ace_support.ace_class,.ace-tomorrow-night .ace_support.ace_type {color: #F0C674}.ace-tomorrow-night .ace_heading,.ace-tomorrow-night .ace_markup.ace_heading,.ace-tomorrow-night .ace_string {color: #B5BD68}.ace-tomorrow-night .ace_entity.ace_name.ace_tag,.ace-tomorrow-night .ace_entity.ace_other.ace_attribute-name,.ace-tomorrow-night .ace_meta.ace_tag,.ace-tomorrow-night .ace_string.ace_regexp,.ace-tomorrow-night .ace_variable {color: #CC6666}.ace-tomorrow-night .ace_comment {color: #969896}.ace-tomorrow-night .ace_indent-guide {background: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAACCAYAAACZgbYnAAAAEklEQVQImWNgYGBgYHB3d/8PAAOIAdULw8qMAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC) right repeat-y}";var r=e("../lib/dom");r.importCssString(t.cssText,t.cssClass)}); (function() {
|
||||
ace.require(["ace/theme/tomorrow_night"], function(m) {
|
||||
if (typeof module == "object" && typeof exports == "object" && module) {
|
||||
module.exports = m;
|
||||
}
|
||||
});
|
||||
})();
|
||||
@@ -55,21 +55,29 @@ As you see from the output after running this, the sizes of the references varie
|
||||
Most are 8 bytes (which is a pointer size on 64 bit systems), but some are 16
|
||||
bytes.
|
||||
|
||||
The reason for this varies. For example, in the case of `&[i32]` the first 8
|
||||
bytes is the pointer to the first element in an array, and the second 8 bytes is
|
||||
the length of the slice.
|
||||
The 16 byte sized pointers are called "fat pointers" since they carry more extra
|
||||
information.
|
||||
|
||||
**In the case of `&[i32]`:**
|
||||
|
||||
- The first 8 bytes is the actual pointer to the first element in the array
|
||||
(or part of an array the slice refers to)
|
||||
|
||||
- The second 8 bytes is the length of the slice.
|
||||
|
||||
The one we'll concern ourselves about is the references to traits, or
|
||||
_trait objects_ as they're called in Rust when we're referring to any type that
|
||||
implements this trait. `&dyn SomeTrait` is a pointer to such a _trait object_
|
||||
and as you see it has a size of 16 bytes.
|
||||
_trait objects_ as they're called in Rust.
|
||||
|
||||
`&dyn SomeTrait` is an example of a _trait object_
|
||||
|
||||
The layout for a pointer to a _trait object_ looks like this:
|
||||
|
||||
- The first 8 bytes points to the `data` for the trait object
|
||||
- The second 8 bytes points to the `vtable` for the trait object
|
||||
|
||||
When implementing a `Trait` you pass in `self` as the first parameter. The
|
||||
`data` pointer is a pointer to this `self` object which is then passed in to
|
||||
the functions in the `vtable`.
|
||||
The reason for this is to allow us to refer to an object we know nothing about
|
||||
except that it implements the methods defined by our trait. To allow this we use
|
||||
dynamic dispatch.
|
||||
|
||||
Let's explain this in code instead of words by implementing our own trait
|
||||
object from these parts:
|
||||
@@ -137,11 +145,13 @@ fn main() {
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
If you run this code by pressing the "play" button at the top you'll se it
|
||||
outputs just what we expect. This code example is editable so you can change it
|
||||
outputs just what we expect.
|
||||
|
||||
This code example is editable so you can change it
|
||||
and run it to see what happens.
|
||||
|
||||
The reason we go through this will be apparent when we implement our own
|
||||
`Waker` later on since we'll actually set up a `vtable` like we do here to
|
||||
define methods like `wake`.
|
||||
The reason we go through this will be clear later on when we implement our own
|
||||
`Waker` we'll actually set up a `vtable` like we do here to and knowing what
|
||||
it is will make this much less mysterious.
|
||||
|
||||
Let's move on to actually implement an example.
|
||||
With that out of the way, let's move on to our main example.
|
||||
266
src/0_2_naive_implementation.md
Normal file
266
src/0_2_naive_implementation.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,266 @@
|
||||
# Naive example
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```rust
|
||||
use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicUsize, Ordering};
|
||||
use std::sync::mpsc::{channel, Sender};
|
||||
use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
|
||||
use std::thread::{self, JoinHandle};
|
||||
use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
|
||||
|
||||
fn main() {
|
||||
let readylist = Arc::new(Mutex::new(vec![]));
|
||||
let mut reactor = Reactor::new();
|
||||
|
||||
let mywaker = MyWaker::new(1, thread::current(), readylist.clone());
|
||||
reactor.register(2, mywaker);
|
||||
|
||||
let mywaker = MyWaker::new(2, thread::current(), readylist.clone());
|
||||
reactor.register(2, mywaker);
|
||||
|
||||
executor_run(reactor, readylist);
|
||||
}
|
||||
// ====== EXECUTOR ======
|
||||
fn executor_run(mut reactor: Reactor, rl: Arc<Mutex<Vec<usize>>>) {
|
||||
let start = Instant::now();
|
||||
loop {
|
||||
let mut rl_locked = rl.lock().unwrap();
|
||||
while let Some(event) = rl_locked.pop() {
|
||||
let dur = (Instant::now() - start).as_secs_f32();
|
||||
println!("Event {} just happened at time: {:.2}.", event, dur);
|
||||
reactor.outstanding.fetch_sub(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
|
||||
}
|
||||
drop(rl_locked);
|
||||
|
||||
if reactor.outstanding.load(Ordering::Relaxed) == 0 {
|
||||
reactor.close();
|
||||
break;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
thread::park();
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// ====== "FUTURE" IMPL ======
|
||||
#[derive(Debug)]
|
||||
struct MyWaker {
|
||||
id: usize,
|
||||
thread: thread::Thread,
|
||||
readylist: Arc<Mutex<Vec<usize>>>,
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
impl MyWaker {
|
||||
fn new(id: usize, thread: thread::Thread, readylist: Arc<Mutex<Vec<usize>>>) -> Self {
|
||||
MyWaker {
|
||||
id,
|
||||
thread,
|
||||
readylist,
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
fn wake(&self) {
|
||||
self.readylist.lock().map(|mut rl| rl.push(self.id)).unwrap();
|
||||
self.thread.unpark();
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
|
||||
pub struct Task {
|
||||
id: usize,
|
||||
pending: bool,
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// ===== REACTOR =====
|
||||
struct Reactor {
|
||||
dispatcher: Sender<Event>,
|
||||
handle: Option<JoinHandle<()>>,
|
||||
outstanding: AtomicUsize,
|
||||
}
|
||||
#[derive(Debug)]
|
||||
enum Event {
|
||||
Close,
|
||||
Simple(MyWaker, u64),
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
impl Reactor {
|
||||
fn new() -> Self {
|
||||
let (tx, rx) = channel::<Event>();
|
||||
let mut handles = vec![];
|
||||
let handle = thread::spawn(move || {
|
||||
// This simulates some I/O resource
|
||||
for event in rx {
|
||||
match event {
|
||||
Event::Close => break,
|
||||
Event::Simple(mywaker, duration) => {
|
||||
let event_handle = thread::spawn(move || {
|
||||
thread::sleep(Duration::from_secs(duration));
|
||||
mywaker.wake();
|
||||
});
|
||||
handles.push(event_handle);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
for handle in handles {
|
||||
handle.join().unwrap();
|
||||
}
|
||||
});
|
||||
|
||||
Reactor {
|
||||
dispatcher: tx,
|
||||
handle: Some(handle),
|
||||
outstanding: AtomicUsize::new(0),
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
fn register(&mut self, duration: u64, mywaker: MyWaker) {
|
||||
self.dispatcher
|
||||
.send(Event::Simple(mywaker, duration))
|
||||
.unwrap();
|
||||
self.outstanding.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
fn close(&mut self) {
|
||||
self.dispatcher.send(Event::Close).unwrap();
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
impl Drop for Reactor {
|
||||
fn drop(&mut self) {
|
||||
self.handle.take().map(|h| h.join().unwrap()).unwrap();
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
```rust, editable
|
||||
use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicUsize, Ordering};
|
||||
use std::sync::mpsc::{channel, Sender};
|
||||
use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
|
||||
use std::thread::{self, JoinHandle};
|
||||
use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
|
||||
|
||||
fn main() {
|
||||
let readylist = Arc::new(Mutex::new(vec![]));
|
||||
let mut reactor = Reactor::new();
|
||||
|
||||
let mywaker = MyWaker::new(1, thread::current(), readylist.clone());
|
||||
reactor.register(2, mywaker);
|
||||
|
||||
let mywaker = MyWaker::new(2, thread::current(), readylist.clone());
|
||||
reactor.register(2, mywaker);
|
||||
|
||||
executor_run(reactor, readylist);
|
||||
}
|
||||
# // ====== EXECUTOR ======
|
||||
# fn executor_run(mut reactor: Reactor, rl: Arc<Mutex<Vec<usize>>>) {
|
||||
# let start = Instant::now();
|
||||
# loop {
|
||||
# let mut rl_locked = rl.lock().unwrap();
|
||||
# while let Some(event) = rl_locked.pop() {
|
||||
# let dur = (Instant::now() - start).as_secs_f32();
|
||||
# println!("Event {} just happened at time: {:.2}.", event, dur);
|
||||
# reactor.outstanding.fetch_sub(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
|
||||
# }
|
||||
# drop(rl_locked);
|
||||
#
|
||||
# if reactor.outstanding.load(Ordering::Relaxed) == 0 {
|
||||
# reactor.close();
|
||||
# break;
|
||||
# }
|
||||
#
|
||||
# thread::park();
|
||||
# }
|
||||
# }
|
||||
#
|
||||
# // ====== "FUTURE" IMPL ======
|
||||
# #[derive(Debug)]
|
||||
# struct MyWaker {
|
||||
# id: usize,
|
||||
# thread: thread::Thread,
|
||||
# readylist: Arc<Mutex<Vec<usize>>>,
|
||||
# }
|
||||
#
|
||||
# impl MyWaker {
|
||||
# fn new(id: usize, thread: thread::Thread, readylist: Arc<Mutex<Vec<usize>>>) -> Self {
|
||||
# MyWaker {
|
||||
# id,
|
||||
# thread,
|
||||
# readylist,
|
||||
# }
|
||||
# }
|
||||
#
|
||||
# fn wake(&self) {
|
||||
# self.readylist.lock().map(|mut rl| rl.push(self.id)).unwrap();
|
||||
# self.thread.unpark();
|
||||
# }
|
||||
# }
|
||||
#
|
||||
#
|
||||
# #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
|
||||
# pub struct Task {
|
||||
# id: usize,
|
||||
# pending: bool,
|
||||
# }
|
||||
#
|
||||
# // ===== REACTOR =====
|
||||
# struct Reactor {
|
||||
# dispatcher: Sender<Event>,
|
||||
# handle: Option<JoinHandle<()>>,
|
||||
# outstanding: AtomicUsize,
|
||||
# }
|
||||
# #[derive(Debug)]
|
||||
# enum Event {
|
||||
# Close,
|
||||
# Simple(MyWaker, u64),
|
||||
# }
|
||||
#
|
||||
# impl Reactor {
|
||||
# fn new() -> Self {
|
||||
# let (tx, rx) = channel::<Event>();
|
||||
# let mut handles = vec![];
|
||||
# let handle = thread::spawn(move || {
|
||||
# // This simulates some I/O resource
|
||||
# for event in rx {
|
||||
# match event {
|
||||
# Event::Close => break,
|
||||
# Event::Simple(mywaker, duration) => {
|
||||
# let event_handle = thread::spawn(move || {
|
||||
# thread::sleep(Duration::from_secs(duration));
|
||||
# mywaker.wake();
|
||||
# });
|
||||
# handles.push(event_handle);
|
||||
# }
|
||||
# }
|
||||
# }
|
||||
#
|
||||
# for handle in handles {
|
||||
# handle.join().unwrap();
|
||||
# }
|
||||
# });
|
||||
#
|
||||
# Reactor {
|
||||
# dispatcher: tx,
|
||||
# handle: Some(handle),
|
||||
# outstanding: AtomicUsize::new(0),
|
||||
# }
|
||||
# }
|
||||
#
|
||||
# fn register(&mut self, duration: u64, mywaker: MyWaker) {
|
||||
# self.dispatcher
|
||||
# .send(Event::Simple(mywaker, duration))
|
||||
# .unwrap();
|
||||
# self.outstanding.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
|
||||
# }
|
||||
#
|
||||
# fn close(&mut self) {
|
||||
# self.dispatcher.send(Event::Close).unwrap();
|
||||
# }
|
||||
# }
|
||||
#
|
||||
# impl Drop for Reactor {
|
||||
# fn drop(&mut self) {
|
||||
# self.handle.take().map(|h| h.join().unwrap()).unwrap();
|
||||
# }
|
||||
# }
|
||||
```
|
||||
1
src/0_3_proper_waker.md
Normal file
1
src/0_3_proper_waker.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
|
||||
# Proper Waker
|
||||
1
src/0_4_proper_future.md
Normal file
1
src/0_4_proper_future.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
|
||||
# Proper Future
|
||||
1
src/0_5_async_wait.md
Normal file
1
src/0_5_async_wait.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
|
||||
# Supporting async/await
|
||||
1
src/0_6_concurrent_futures.md
Normal file
1
src/0_6_concurrent_futures.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
|
||||
# Bonus: concurrent futures
|
||||
@@ -2,3 +2,8 @@
|
||||
|
||||
- [Introduction](./0_0_introduction.md)
|
||||
- [Some background information](./0_1_background_information.md)
|
||||
- [Naive example](./0_2_naive_implementation.md)
|
||||
- [Proper Waker](./0_3_proper_waker.md)
|
||||
- [Proper Future](0_4_proper_future.md)
|
||||
- [Supporting async/await](0_5_async_wait.md)
|
||||
- [Bonus: concurrent futures](0_6_concurrent_futures.md)
|
||||
|
||||
Reference in New Issue
Block a user