diff --git a/book/0_0_Introduction.html b/book/0_0_Introduction.html index 91383bd..5a828ed 100644 --- a/book/0_0_Introduction.html +++ b/book/0_0_Introduction.html @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ - + @@ -32,11 +32,11 @@ - + @@ -60,8 +60,11 @@ var theme; try { theme = localStorage.getItem('mdbook-theme'); } catch(e) { } if (theme === null || theme === undefined) { theme = default_theme; } - document.body.className = theme; - document.querySelector('html').className = theme + ' js'; + var html = document.querySelector('html'); + html.classList.remove('no-js') + html.classList.remove('light') + html.classList.add(theme); + html.classList.add('js'); @@ -77,8 +80,8 @@ @@ -154,7 +157,7 @@ - @@ -168,7 +171,7 @@ - @@ -181,6 +184,20 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/book/0_1_background_information.html b/book/0_1_background_information.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6edc6ef --- /dev/null +++ b/book/0_1_background_information.html @@ -0,0 +1,359 @@ + + + + + + Some background information - Futures Explained in 200 Lines of Rust + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + +
+
+

Some background information

+

Before we start implementing our Futures, we'll go through some background +information that will help demystify some of the concepts we encounter.

+

Concurrency in general

+

If you find the concepts of concurrency and async programming confusing in +general, I know where you're coming from and I have written some resources to +try to give a high level overview that will make it easier to learn Rusts +Futures afterwards:

+

Async Basics - The difference between concurrency and parallelism +Async Basics - Async history +Async Basics - Strategies for handling I/O +Async Basics - Epoll, Kqueue and IOCP

+

Trait objects and dynamic dispatch

+

The single most confusing topic we encounter when implementing our own Futures +is how we implement a Waker. Creating a Waker involves creating a vtable +which allows using dynamic dispatch to call methods on a type erased trait +object we construct our selves.

+

If you want to know more about dynamic dispatch in Rust I can recommend this article:

+

https://alschwalm.com/blog/static/2017/03/07/exploring-dynamic-dispatch-in-rust/

+

Let's explain this a bit more in detail.

+

Fat pointers in Rust

+

Let's take a look at the size of some different pointer types in Rust. If we +run the following code:

+
use std::mem::size_of;
+trait SomeTrait { }
+
+fn main() {
+    println!("Size of Box<i32>: {}", size_of::<Box<i32>>());
+    println!("Size of &i32: {}", size_of::<&i32>());
+    println!("Size of &Box<i32>: {}", size_of::<&Box<i32>>());
+    println!("Size of Box<Trait>: {}", size_of::<Box<SomeTrait>>());
+    println!("Size of &dyn Trait: {}", size_of::<&dyn SomeTrait>());
+    println!("Size of &[i32]: {}", size_of::<&[i32]>());
+    println!("Size of &[&dyn Trait]: {}", size_of::<&[&dyn SomeTrait]>());
+    println!("Size of [i32; 10]: {}", size_of::<[i32; 10]>());
+    println!("Size of [&dyn Trait; 10]: {}", size_of::<[&dyn SomeTrait; 10]>());
+}
+
+

As you see from the output after running this, the sizes of the references varies. +Most are 8 bytes (which is a pointer size on 64 bit systems), but some are 16 +bytes.

+

The 16 byte sized pointers are called "fat pointers" since they carry more extra +information.

+

In the case of &[i32]:

+
    +
  • +

    The first 8 bytes is the actual pointer to the first element in the array +(or part of an array the slice refers to)

    +
    • +
  • +

    The second 8 bytes is the length of the slice.

    +
    • +
+

The one we'll concern ourselves about is the references to traits, or +trait objects as they're called in Rust.

+

&dyn SomeTrait is an example of a trait object

+

The layout for a pointer to a trait object looks like this:

+
    +
  • The first 8 bytes points to the data for the trait object
    • +
  • The second 8 bytes points to the vtable for the trait object
    • +
+

The reason for this is to allow us to refer to an object we know nothing about +except that it implements the methods defined by our trait. To allow this we use +dynamic dispatch.

+

Let's explain this in code instead of words by implementing our own trait +object from these parts:

+
// A reference to a trait object is a fat pointer: (data_ptr, vtable_ptr)
+trait Test {
+    fn add(&self) -> i32;
+    fn sub(&self) -> i32;
+    fn mul(&self) -> i32;
+}
+
+// This will represent our home brewn fat pointer to a trait object
+#[repr(C)]
+struct FatPointer<'a> {
+    /// A reference is a pointer to an instantiated `Data` instance
+    data: &'a mut Data,
+    /// Since we need to pass in literal values like length and alignment it's
+    /// easiest for us to convert pointers to usize-integers instead of the other way around.
+    vtable: *const usize,
+}
+
+// This is the data in our trait object. It's just two numbers we want to operate on.
+struct Data {
+    a: i32,
+    b: i32,
+}
+
+// ====== function definitions ======
+fn add(s: &Data) -> i32 {
+    s.a + s.b
+}
+fn sub(s: &Data) -> i32 {
+    s.a - s.b
+}
+fn mul(s: &Data) -> i32 {
+    s.a * s.b
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let mut data = Data {a: 3, b: 2};
+    // vtable is like special purpose array of pointer-length types with a fixed
+    // format where the three first values has a special meaning like the
+    // length of the array is encoded in the array itself as the second value.
+    let vtable = vec![
+        0,            // pointer to `Drop` (which we're not implementing here)
+        6,            // lenght of vtable
+        8,            // alignment
+        // we need to make sure we add these in the same order as defined in the Trait.
+        // Try changing the order of add and sub and see what happens.
+        add as usize, // function pointer
+        sub as usize, // function pointer 
+        mul as usize, // function pointer
+    ];
+
+    let fat_pointer = FatPointer { data: &mut data, vtable: vtable.as_ptr()};
+    let test = unsafe { std::mem::transmute::<FatPointer, &dyn Test>(fat_pointer) };
+
+    // And voalá, it's now a trait object we can call methods on
+    println!("Add: 3 + 2 = {}", test.add());
+    println!("Sub: 3 - 2 = {}", test.sub());
+    println!("Mul: 3 * 2 = {}", test.mul());
+}
+
+
+

If you run this code by pressing the "play" button at the top you'll se it +outputs just what we expect.

+

This code example is editable so you can change it +and run it to see what happens.

+

The reason we go through this will be clear later on when we implement our own +Waker we'll actually set up a vtable like we do here to and knowing what +it is will make this much less mysterious.

+

With that out of the way, let's move on to our main example.

+ +
+ + +
+
+ + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/book/0_2_naive_implementation.html b/book/0_2_naive_implementation.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..134b0c1 --- /dev/null +++ b/book/0_2_naive_implementation.html @@ -0,0 +1,226 @@ + + + + + + Naive example - Futures Explained in 200 Lines of Rust + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + +
+
+

Naive example

+ +
+ + +
+
+ + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/book/0_3_proper_waker.html b/book/0_3_proper_waker.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..08de6cf --- /dev/null +++ b/book/0_3_proper_waker.html @@ -0,0 +1,226 @@ + + + + + + Proper Waker - Futures Explained in 200 Lines of Rust + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + +
+
+

Proper Waker

+ +
+ + +
+
+ + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/book/0_4_proper_future.html b/book/0_4_proper_future.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2d1441e --- /dev/null +++ b/book/0_4_proper_future.html @@ -0,0 +1,226 @@ + + + + + + Proper Future - Futures Explained in 200 Lines of Rust + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + +
+
+

Proper Future

+ +
+ + +
+
+ + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/book/0_5_async_wait.html b/book/0_5_async_wait.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..cb7dd62 --- /dev/null +++ b/book/0_5_async_wait.html @@ -0,0 +1,226 @@ + + + + + + Supporting async/await - Futures Explained in 200 Lines of Rust + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + +
+
+

Supporting async/await

+ +
+ + +
+
+ + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/book/0_1_BackgroundInformation.html b/book/0_6_concurrent_futures.html similarity index 76% rename from book/0_1_BackgroundInformation.html rename to book/0_6_concurrent_futures.html index 738c200..2de281d 100644 --- a/book/0_1_BackgroundInformation.html +++ b/book/0_6_concurrent_futures.html @@ -1,9 +1,9 @@ - + - Some background information - Futures Explained in 200 Lines of Rust + Bonus: concurrent futures - Futures Explained in 200 Lines of Rust @@ -32,11 +32,11 @@ - + @@ -60,8 +60,11 @@ var theme; try { theme = localStorage.getItem('mdbook-theme'); } catch(e) { } if (theme === null || theme === undefined) { theme = default_theme; } - document.body.className = theme; - document.querySelector('html').className = theme + ' js'; + var html = document.querySelector('html'); + html.classList.remove('no-js') + html.classList.remove('light') + html.classList.add(theme); + html.classList.add('js'); @@ -77,8 +80,8 @@ @@ -145,14 +148,14 @@
-

Some background information

+

Bonus: concurrent futures

@@ -173,6 +184,20 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/book/mode-rust.js b/book/mode-rust.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000..efe35ba --- /dev/null +++ b/book/mode-rust.js @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +ace.define("ace/mode/rust_highlight_rules",["require","exports","module","ace/lib/oop","ace/mode/text_highlight_rules"],function(e,t,n){"use strict";var r=e("../lib/oop"),i=e("./text_highlight_rules").TextHighlightRules,s=/\\(?:[nrt0'"\\]|x[\da-fA-F]{2}|u\{[\da-fA-F]{6}\})/.source,o=function(){this.$rules={start:[{token:"variable.other.source.rust",regex:"'[a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_]*(?![\\'])"},{token:"string.quoted.single.source.rust",regex:"'(?:[^'\\\\]|"+s+")'"},{token:"identifier",regex:/r#[a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_]*\b/},{stateName:"bracketedComment",onMatch:function(e,t,n){return n.unshift(this.next,e.length-1,t),"string.quoted.raw.source.rust"},regex:/r#*"/,next:[{onMatch:function(e,t,n){var r="string.quoted.raw.source.rust";return 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theme = localStorage.getItem('mdbook-theme'); } catch(e) { } if (theme === null || theme === undefined) { theme = default_theme; } - document.body.className = theme; - document.querySelector('html').className = theme + ' js'; + var html = document.querySelector('html'); + html.classList.remove('no-js') + html.classList.remove('light') + html.classList.add(theme); + html.classList.add('js'); @@ -79,8 +82,8 @@ @@ -149,6 +152,144 @@

Introduction

Some background information

+

Before we start implementing our Futures, we'll go through some background +information that will help demystify some of the concepts we encounter.

+

Concurrency in general

+

If you find the concepts of concurrency and async programming confusing in +general, I know where you're coming from and I have written some resources to +try to give a high level overview that will make it easier to learn Rusts +Futures afterwards:

+

Async Basics - The difference between concurrency and parallelism +Async Basics - Async history +Async Basics - Strategies for handling I/O +Async Basics - Epoll, Kqueue and IOCP

+

Trait objects and dynamic dispatch

+

The single most confusing topic we encounter when implementing our own Futures +is how we implement a Waker. Creating a Waker involves creating a vtable +which allows using dynamic dispatch to call methods on a type erased trait +object we construct our selves.

+

If you want to know more about dynamic dispatch in Rust I can recommend this article:

+

https://alschwalm.com/blog/static/2017/03/07/exploring-dynamic-dispatch-in-rust/

+

Let's explain this a bit more in detail.

+

Fat pointers in Rust

+

Let's take a look at the size of some different pointer types in Rust. If we +run the following code:

+
use std::mem::size_of;
+trait SomeTrait { }
+
+fn main() {
+    println!("Size of Box<i32>: {}", size_of::<Box<i32>>());
+    println!("Size of &i32: {}", size_of::<&i32>());
+    println!("Size of &Box<i32>: {}", size_of::<&Box<i32>>());
+    println!("Size of Box<Trait>: {}", size_of::<Box<SomeTrait>>());
+    println!("Size of &dyn Trait: {}", size_of::<&dyn SomeTrait>());
+    println!("Size of &[i32]: {}", size_of::<&[i32]>());
+    println!("Size of &[&dyn Trait]: {}", size_of::<&[&dyn SomeTrait]>());
+    println!("Size of [i32; 10]: {}", size_of::<[i32; 10]>());
+    println!("Size of [&dyn Trait; 10]: {}", size_of::<[&dyn SomeTrait; 10]>());
+}
+
+

As you see from the output after running this, the sizes of the references varies. +Most are 8 bytes (which is a pointer size on 64 bit systems), but some are 16 +bytes.

+

The 16 byte sized pointers are called "fat pointers" since they carry more extra +information.

+

In the case of &[i32]:

+
    +
  • +

    The first 8 bytes is the actual pointer to the first element in the array +(or part of an array the slice refers to)

    +
    • +
  • +

    The second 8 bytes is the length of the slice.

    +
    • +
+

The one we'll concern ourselves about is the references to traits, or +trait objects as they're called in Rust.

+

&dyn SomeTrait is an example of a trait object

+

The layout for a pointer to a trait object looks like this:

+
    +
  • The first 8 bytes points to the data for the trait object
    • +
  • The second 8 bytes points to the vtable for the trait object
    • +
+

The reason for this is to allow us to refer to an object we know nothing about +except that it implements the methods defined by our trait. To allow this we use +dynamic dispatch.

+

Let's explain this in code instead of words by implementing our own trait +object from these parts:

+
// A reference to a trait object is a fat pointer: (data_ptr, vtable_ptr)
+trait Test {
+    fn add(&self) -> i32;
+    fn sub(&self) -> i32;
+    fn mul(&self) -> i32;
+}
+
+// This will represent our home brewn fat pointer to a trait object
+#[repr(C)]
+struct FatPointer<'a> {
+    /// A reference is a pointer to an instantiated `Data` instance
+    data: &'a mut Data,
+    /// Since we need to pass in literal values like length and alignment it's
+    /// easiest for us to convert pointers to usize-integers instead of the other way around.
+    vtable: *const usize,
+}
+
+// This is the data in our trait object. It's just two numbers we want to operate on.
+struct Data {
+    a: i32,
+    b: i32,
+}
+
+// ====== function definitions ======
+fn add(s: &Data) -> i32 {
+    s.a + s.b
+}
+fn sub(s: &Data) -> i32 {
+    s.a - s.b
+}
+fn mul(s: &Data) -> i32 {
+    s.a * s.b
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let mut data = Data {a: 3, b: 2};
+    // vtable is like special purpose array of pointer-length types with a fixed
+    // format where the three first values has a special meaning like the
+    // length of the array is encoded in the array itself as the second value.
+    let vtable = vec![
+        0,            // pointer to `Drop` (which we're not implementing here)
+        6,            // lenght of vtable
+        8,            // alignment
+        // we need to make sure we add these in the same order as defined in the Trait.
+        // Try changing the order of add and sub and see what happens.
+        add as usize, // function pointer
+        sub as usize, // function pointer 
+        mul as usize, // function pointer
+    ];
+
+    let fat_pointer = FatPointer { data: &mut data, vtable: vtable.as_ptr()};
+    let test = unsafe { std::mem::transmute::<FatPointer, &dyn Test>(fat_pointer) };
+
+    // And voalá, it's now a trait object we can call methods on
+    println!("Add: 3 + 2 = {}", test.add());
+    println!("Sub: 3 - 2 = {}", test.sub());
+    println!("Mul: 3 * 2 = {}", test.mul());
+}
+
+
+

If you run this code by pressing the "play" button at the top you'll se it +outputs just what we expect.

+

This code example is editable so you can change it +and run it to see what happens.

+

The reason we go through this will be clear later on when we implement our own +Waker we'll actually set up a vtable like we do here to and knowing what +it is will make this much less mysterious.

+

With that out of the way, let's move on to our main example.

+

Naive example

+

Proper Waker

+

Proper Future

+

Supporting async/await

+

Bonus: concurrent futures

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If we run the following code: # use std::mem::size_of;\ntrait SomeTrait { } fn main() { println!(\"Size of Box: {}\", size_of::>()); println!(\"Size of &i32: {}\", size_of::<&i32>()); println!(\"Size of &Box: {}\", size_of::<&Box>()); println!(\"Size of Box: {}\", size_of::>()); println!(\"Size of &dyn Trait: {}\", size_of::<&dyn SomeTrait>()); println!(\"Size of &[i32]: {}\", size_of::<&[i32]>()); println!(\"Size of &[&dyn Trait]: {}\", size_of::<&[&dyn SomeTrait]>()); println!(\"Size of [i32; 10]: {}\", size_of::<[i32; 10]>()); println!(\"Size of [&dyn Trait; 10]: {}\", size_of::<[&dyn SomeTrait; 10]>());\n} As you see from the output after running this, the sizes of the references varies. Most are 8 bytes (which is a pointer size on 64 bit systems), but some are 16 bytes. The 16 byte sized pointers are called \"fat pointers\" since they carry more extra information. 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Let's explain this in code instead of words by implementing our own trait object from these parts: // A reference to a trait object is a fat pointer: (data_ptr, vtable_ptr)\ntrait Test { fn add(&self) -> i32; fn sub(&self) -> i32; fn mul(&self) -> i32;\n} // This will represent our home brewn fat pointer to a trait object\n#[repr(C)]\nstruct FatPointer<'a> { /// A reference is a pointer to an instantiated `Data` instance data: &'a mut Data, /// Since we need to pass in literal values like length and alignment it's /// easiest for us to convert pointers to usize-integers instead of the other way around. vtable: *const usize,\n} // This is the data in our trait object. It's just two numbers we want to operate on.\nstruct Data { a: i32, b: i32,\n} // ====== function definitions ======\nfn add(s: &Data) -> i32 { s.a + s.b\n}\nfn sub(s: &Data) -> i32 { s.a - s.b\n}\nfn mul(s: &Data) -> i32 { s.a * s.b\n} fn main() { let mut data = Data {a: 3, b: 2}; // vtable is like special purpose array of pointer-length types with a fixed // format where the three first values has a special meaning like the // length of the array is encoded in the array itself as the second value. let vtable = vec![ 0, // pointer to `Drop` (which we're not implementing here) 6, // lenght of vtable 8, // alignment // we need to make sure we add these in the same order as defined in the Trait. // Try changing the order of add and sub and see what happens. add as usize, // function pointer sub as usize, // function pointer mul as usize, // function pointer ]; let fat_pointer = FatPointer { data: &mut data, vtable: vtable.as_ptr()}; let test = unsafe { std::mem::transmute::(fat_pointer) }; // And voalá, it's now a trait object we can call methods on println!(\"Add: 3 + 2 = {}\", test.add()); println!(\"Sub: 3 - 2 = {}\", test.sub()); println!(\"Mul: 3 * 2 = {}\", test.mul());\n} If you run this code by pressing the \"play\" button at the top you'll se it outputs just what we expect. 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b/src/0_1_background_information.md @@ -55,21 +55,29 @@ As you see from the output after running this, the sizes of the references varie Most are 8 bytes (which is a pointer size on 64 bit systems), but some are 16 bytes. -The reason for this varies. For example, in the case of `&[i32]` the first 8 -bytes is the pointer to the first element in an array, and the second 8 bytes is -the length of the slice. +The 16 byte sized pointers are called "fat pointers" since they carry more extra +information. + +**In the case of `&[i32]`:** + +- The first 8 bytes is the actual pointer to the first element in the array +(or part of an array the slice refers to) + +- The second 8 bytes is the length of the slice. The one we'll concern ourselves about is the references to traits, or -_trait objects_ as they're called in Rust when we're referring to any type that -implements this trait. `&dyn SomeTrait` is a pointer to such a _trait object_ -and as you see it has a size of 16 bytes. +_trait objects_ as they're called in Rust. + + `&dyn SomeTrait` is an example of a _trait object_ + + The layout for a pointer to a _trait object_ looks like this: - The first 8 bytes points to the `data` for the trait object - The second 8 bytes points to the `vtable` for the trait object -When implementing a `Trait` you pass in `self` as the first parameter. The -`data` pointer is a pointer to this `self` object which is then passed in to -the functions in the `vtable`. +The reason for this is to allow us to refer to an object we know nothing about +except that it implements the methods defined by our trait. To allow this we use +dynamic dispatch. Let's explain this in code instead of words by implementing our own trait object from these parts: @@ -137,11 +145,13 @@ fn main() { ``` If you run this code by pressing the "play" button at the top you'll se it -outputs just what we expect. This code example is editable so you can change it +outputs just what we expect. + +This code example is editable so you can change it and run it to see what happens. -The reason we go through this will be apparent when we implement our own -`Waker` later on since we'll actually set up a `vtable` like we do here to -define methods like `wake`. +The reason we go through this will be clear later on when we implement our own +`Waker` we'll actually set up a `vtable` like we do here to and knowing what +it is will make this much less mysterious. -Let's move on to actually implement an example. \ No newline at end of file +With that out of the way, let's move on to our main example. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/src/0_2_naive_implementation.md b/src/0_2_naive_implementation.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4c9a050 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/0_2_naive_implementation.md @@ -0,0 +1,266 @@ +# Naive example + + +```rust +use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicUsize, Ordering}; +use std::sync::mpsc::{channel, Sender}; +use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex}; +use std::thread::{self, JoinHandle}; +use std::time::{Duration, Instant}; + +fn main() { + let readylist = Arc::new(Mutex::new(vec![])); + let mut reactor = Reactor::new(); + + let mywaker = MyWaker::new(1, thread::current(), readylist.clone()); + reactor.register(2, mywaker); + + let mywaker = MyWaker::new(2, thread::current(), readylist.clone()); + reactor.register(2, mywaker); + + executor_run(reactor, readylist); +} +// ====== EXECUTOR ====== +fn executor_run(mut reactor: Reactor, rl: Arc>>) { + let start = Instant::now(); + loop { + let mut rl_locked = rl.lock().unwrap(); + while let Some(event) = rl_locked.pop() { + let dur = (Instant::now() - start).as_secs_f32(); + println!("Event {} just happened at time: {:.2}.", event, dur); + reactor.outstanding.fetch_sub(1, Ordering::Relaxed); + } + drop(rl_locked); + + if reactor.outstanding.load(Ordering::Relaxed) == 0 { + reactor.close(); + break; + } + + thread::park(); + } +} + +// ====== "FUTURE" IMPL ====== +#[derive(Debug)] +struct MyWaker { + id: usize, + thread: thread::Thread, + readylist: Arc>>, +} + +impl MyWaker { + fn new(id: usize, thread: thread::Thread, readylist: Arc>>) -> Self { + MyWaker { + id, + thread, + readylist, + } + } + + fn wake(&self) { + self.readylist.lock().map(|mut rl| rl.push(self.id)).unwrap(); + self.thread.unpark(); + } +} + + +#[derive(Debug, Clone)] +pub struct Task { + id: usize, + pending: bool, +} + +// ===== REACTOR ===== +struct Reactor { + dispatcher: Sender, + handle: Option>, + outstanding: AtomicUsize, +} +#[derive(Debug)] +enum Event { + Close, + Simple(MyWaker, u64), +} + +impl Reactor { + fn new() -> Self { + let (tx, rx) = channel::(); + let mut handles = vec![]; + let handle = thread::spawn(move || { + // This simulates some I/O resource + for event in rx { + match event { + Event::Close => break, + Event::Simple(mywaker, duration) => { + let event_handle = thread::spawn(move || { + thread::sleep(Duration::from_secs(duration)); + mywaker.wake(); + }); + handles.push(event_handle); + } + } + } + + for handle in handles { + handle.join().unwrap(); + } + }); + + Reactor { + dispatcher: tx, + handle: Some(handle), + outstanding: AtomicUsize::new(0), + } + } + + fn register(&mut self, duration: u64, mywaker: MyWaker) { + self.dispatcher + .send(Event::Simple(mywaker, duration)) + .unwrap(); + self.outstanding.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed); + } + + fn close(&mut self) { + self.dispatcher.send(Event::Close).unwrap(); + } +} + +impl Drop for Reactor { + fn drop(&mut self) { + self.handle.take().map(|h| h.join().unwrap()).unwrap(); + } +} +``` + +```rust, editable +use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicUsize, Ordering}; +use std::sync::mpsc::{channel, Sender}; +use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex}; +use std::thread::{self, JoinHandle}; +use std::time::{Duration, Instant}; + +fn main() { + let readylist = Arc::new(Mutex::new(vec![])); + let mut reactor = Reactor::new(); + + let mywaker = MyWaker::new(1, thread::current(), readylist.clone()); + reactor.register(2, mywaker); + + let mywaker = MyWaker::new(2, thread::current(), readylist.clone()); + reactor.register(2, mywaker); + + executor_run(reactor, readylist); +} +# // ====== EXECUTOR ====== +# fn executor_run(mut reactor: Reactor, rl: Arc>>) { +# let start = Instant::now(); +# loop { +# let mut rl_locked = rl.lock().unwrap(); +# while let Some(event) = rl_locked.pop() { +# let dur = (Instant::now() - start).as_secs_f32(); +# println!("Event {} just happened at time: {:.2}.", event, dur); +# reactor.outstanding.fetch_sub(1, Ordering::Relaxed); +# } +# drop(rl_locked); +# +# if reactor.outstanding.load(Ordering::Relaxed) == 0 { +# reactor.close(); +# break; +# } +# +# thread::park(); +# } +# } +# +# // ====== "FUTURE" IMPL ====== +# #[derive(Debug)] +# struct MyWaker { +# id: usize, +# thread: thread::Thread, +# readylist: Arc>>, +# } +# +# impl MyWaker { +# fn new(id: usize, thread: thread::Thread, readylist: Arc>>) -> Self { +# MyWaker { +# id, +# thread, +# readylist, +# } +# } +# +# fn wake(&self) { +# self.readylist.lock().map(|mut rl| rl.push(self.id)).unwrap(); +# self.thread.unpark(); +# } +# } +# +# +# #[derive(Debug, Clone)] +# pub struct Task { +# id: usize, +# pending: bool, +# } +# +# // ===== REACTOR ===== +# struct Reactor { +# dispatcher: Sender, +# handle: Option>, +# outstanding: AtomicUsize, +# } +# #[derive(Debug)] +# enum Event { +# Close, +# Simple(MyWaker, u64), +# } +# +# impl Reactor { +# fn new() -> Self { +# let (tx, rx) = channel::(); +# let mut handles = vec![]; +# let handle = thread::spawn(move || { +# // This simulates some I/O resource +# for event in rx { +# match event { +# Event::Close => break, +# Event::Simple(mywaker, duration) => { +# let event_handle = thread::spawn(move || { +# thread::sleep(Duration::from_secs(duration)); +# mywaker.wake(); +# }); +# handles.push(event_handle); +# } +# } +# } +# +# for handle in handles { +# handle.join().unwrap(); +# } +# }); +# +# Reactor { +# dispatcher: tx, +# handle: Some(handle), +# outstanding: AtomicUsize::new(0), +# } +# } +# +# fn register(&mut self, duration: u64, mywaker: MyWaker) { +# self.dispatcher +# .send(Event::Simple(mywaker, duration)) +# .unwrap(); +# self.outstanding.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed); +# } +# +# fn close(&mut self) { +# self.dispatcher.send(Event::Close).unwrap(); +# } +# } +# +# impl Drop for Reactor { +# fn drop(&mut self) { +# self.handle.take().map(|h| h.join().unwrap()).unwrap(); +# } +# } +``` \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/src/0_3_proper_waker.md b/src/0_3_proper_waker.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d6ceb1a --- /dev/null +++ b/src/0_3_proper_waker.md @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +# Proper Waker diff --git a/src/0_4_proper_future.md b/src/0_4_proper_future.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e66e433 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/0_4_proper_future.md @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +# Proper Future diff --git a/src/0_5_async_wait.md b/src/0_5_async_wait.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..07d1ebd --- /dev/null +++ b/src/0_5_async_wait.md @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +# Supporting async/await diff --git a/src/0_6_concurrent_futures.md b/src/0_6_concurrent_futures.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1f039d1 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/0_6_concurrent_futures.md @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +# Bonus: concurrent futures diff --git a/src/SUMMARY.md b/src/SUMMARY.md index fc02471..73a9fea 100644 --- a/src/SUMMARY.md +++ b/src/SUMMARY.md @@ -2,3 +2,8 @@ - [Introduction](./0_0_introduction.md) - [Some background information](./0_1_background_information.md) +- [Naive example](./0_2_naive_implementation.md) +- [Proper Waker](./0_3_proper_waker.md) +- [Proper Future](0_4_proper_future.md) +- [Supporting async/await](0_5_async_wait.md) +- [Bonus: concurrent futures](0_6_concurrent_futures.md)