first draft of first chapter
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Carl Fredrik Samson
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<ol class="chapter"><li class="expanded "><a href="0_0_introduction.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Introduction</a></li><li class="expanded "><a href="0_1_background_information.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Some background information</a></li><li class="expanded "><a href="0_2_naive_implementation.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Naive example</a></li><li class="expanded "><a href="0_3_proper_waker.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Proper Waker</a></li><li class="expanded "><a href="0_4_proper_future.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Proper Future</a></li><li class="expanded "><a href="0_5_async_wait.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Supporting async/await</a></li><li class="expanded "><a href="0_6_concurrent_futures.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.</strong> Bonus: concurrent futures</a></li></ol>
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<main>
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<h1><a class="header" href="#some-background-information" id="some-background-information">Some background information</a></h1>
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<p>Before we start implementing our <code>Futures</code>, we'll go through some background
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information that will help demystify some of the concepts we encounter.</p>
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<h2><a class="header" href="#concurrency-in-general" id="concurrency-in-general">Concurrency in general</a></h2>
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<p>If you find the concepts of concurrency and async programming confusing in
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general, I know where you're coming from and I have written some resources to
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try to give a high level overview that will make it easier to learn Rusts
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<code>Futures</code> afterwards:</p>
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<p><a href="https://cfsamson.github.io/book-exploring-async-basics/1_concurrent_vs_parallel.html">Async Basics - The difference between concurrency and parallelism</a>
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<a href="https://cfsamson.github.io/book-exploring-async-basics/2_async_history.html">Async Basics - Async history</a>
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<a href="https://cfsamson.github.io/book-exploring-async-basics/5_strategies_for_handling_io.html">Async Basics - Strategies for handling I/O</a>
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<a href="https://cfsamson.github.io/book-exploring-async-basics/6_epoll_kqueue_iocp.html">Async Basics - Epoll, Kqueue and IOCP</a></p>
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<h2><a class="header" href="#trait-objects-and-dynamic-dispatch" id="trait-objects-and-dynamic-dispatch">Trait objects and dynamic dispatch</a></h2>
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||||
<p>The single most confusing topic we encounter when implementing our own <code>Futures</code>
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is how we implement a <code>Waker</code>. Creating a <code>Waker</code> involves creating a <code>vtable</code>
|
||||
which allows using dynamic dispatch to call methods on a <em>type erased</em> trait
|
||||
object we construct our selves.</p>
|
||||
<p>If you want to know more about dynamic dispatch in Rust I can recommend this article:</p>
|
||||
<p>https://alschwalm.com/blog/static/2017/03/07/exploring-dynamic-dispatch-in-rust/</p>
|
||||
<p>Let's explain this a bit more in detail.</p>
|
||||
<h2><a class="header" href="#fat-pointers-in-rust" id="fat-pointers-in-rust">Fat pointers in Rust</a></h2>
|
||||
<p>Let's take a look at the size of some different pointer types in Rust. If we
|
||||
run the following code:</p>
|
||||
<pre><pre class="playpen"><code class="language-rust"><span class="boring">use std::mem::size_of;
|
||||
</span>trait SomeTrait { }
|
||||
|
||||
fn main() {
|
||||
println!("Size of Box<i32>: {}", size_of::<Box<i32>>());
|
||||
println!("Size of &i32: {}", size_of::<&i32>());
|
||||
println!("Size of &Box<i32>: {}", size_of::<&Box<i32>>());
|
||||
println!("Size of Box<Trait>: {}", size_of::<Box<SomeTrait>>());
|
||||
println!("Size of &dyn Trait: {}", size_of::<&dyn SomeTrait>());
|
||||
println!("Size of &[i32]: {}", size_of::<&[i32]>());
|
||||
println!("Size of &[&dyn Trait]: {}", size_of::<&[&dyn SomeTrait]>());
|
||||
println!("Size of [i32; 10]: {}", size_of::<[i32; 10]>());
|
||||
println!("Size of [&dyn Trait; 10]: {}", size_of::<[&dyn SomeTrait; 10]>());
|
||||
}
|
||||
</code></pre></pre>
|
||||
<p>As you see from the output after running this, the sizes of the references varies.
|
||||
Most are 8 bytes (which is a pointer size on 64 bit systems), but some are 16
|
||||
bytes.</p>
|
||||
<p>The 16 byte sized pointers are called "fat pointers" since they carry more extra
|
||||
information. </p>
|
||||
<p><strong>In the case of <code>&[i32]</code>:</strong> </p>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<p>The first 8 bytes is the actual pointer to the first element in the array
|
||||
(or part of an array the slice refers to)</p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<p>The second 8 bytes is the length of the slice.</p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<p>The one we'll concern ourselves about is the references to traits, or
|
||||
<em>trait objects</em> as they're called in Rust.</p>
|
||||
<p><code>&dyn SomeTrait</code> is an example of a <em>trait object</em> </p>
|
||||
<p>The layout for a pointer to a <em>trait object</em> looks like this: </p>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li>The first 8 bytes points to the <code>data</code> for the trait object</li>
|
||||
<li>The second 8 bytes points to the <code>vtable</code> for the trait object</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<p>The reason for this is to allow us to refer to an object we know nothing about
|
||||
except that it implements the methods defined by our trait. To allow this we use
|
||||
dynamic dispatch.</p>
|
||||
<p>Let's explain this in code instead of words by implementing our own trait
|
||||
object from these parts:</p>
|
||||
<pre><pre class="playpen"><code class="language-rust editable">// A reference to a trait object is a fat pointer: (data_ptr, vtable_ptr)
|
||||
trait Test {
|
||||
fn add(&self) -> i32;
|
||||
fn sub(&self) -> i32;
|
||||
fn mul(&self) -> i32;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// This will represent our home brewn fat pointer to a trait object
|
||||
#[repr(C)]
|
||||
struct FatPointer<'a> {
|
||||
/// A reference is a pointer to an instantiated `Data` instance
|
||||
data: &'a mut Data,
|
||||
/// Since we need to pass in literal values like length and alignment it's
|
||||
/// easiest for us to convert pointers to usize-integers instead of the other way around.
|
||||
vtable: *const usize,
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// This is the data in our trait object. It's just two numbers we want to operate on.
|
||||
struct Data {
|
||||
a: i32,
|
||||
b: i32,
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// ====== function definitions ======
|
||||
fn add(s: &Data) -> i32 {
|
||||
s.a + s.b
|
||||
}
|
||||
fn sub(s: &Data) -> i32 {
|
||||
s.a - s.b
|
||||
}
|
||||
fn mul(s: &Data) -> i32 {
|
||||
s.a * s.b
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
fn main() {
|
||||
let mut data = Data {a: 3, b: 2};
|
||||
// vtable is like special purpose array of pointer-length types with a fixed
|
||||
// format where the three first values has a special meaning like the
|
||||
// length of the array is encoded in the array itself as the second value.
|
||||
let vtable = vec![
|
||||
0, // pointer to `Drop` (which we're not implementing here)
|
||||
6, // lenght of vtable
|
||||
8, // alignment
|
||||
// we need to make sure we add these in the same order as defined in the Trait.
|
||||
// Try changing the order of add and sub and see what happens.
|
||||
add as usize, // function pointer
|
||||
sub as usize, // function pointer
|
||||
mul as usize, // function pointer
|
||||
];
|
||||
|
||||
let fat_pointer = FatPointer { data: &mut data, vtable: vtable.as_ptr()};
|
||||
let test = unsafe { std::mem::transmute::<FatPointer, &dyn Test>(fat_pointer) };
|
||||
|
||||
// And voalá, it's now a trait object we can call methods on
|
||||
println!("Add: 3 + 2 = {}", test.add());
|
||||
println!("Sub: 3 - 2 = {}", test.sub());
|
||||
println!("Mul: 3 * 2 = {}", test.mul());
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
</code></pre></pre>
|
||||
<p>If you run this code by pressing the "play" button at the top you'll se it
|
||||
outputs just what we expect. </p>
|
||||
<p>This code example is editable so you can change it
|
||||
and run it to see what happens.</p>
|
||||
<p>The reason we go through this will be clear later on when we implement our own
|
||||
<code>Waker</code> we'll actually set up a <code>vtable</code> like we do here to and knowing what
|
||||
it is will make this much less mysterious.</p>
|
||||
<p>With that out of the way, let's move on to our main example.</p>
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<input type="search" name="search" id="searchbar" name="searchbar" placeholder="Search this book ..." aria-controls="searchresults-outer" aria-describedby="searchresults-header">
|
||||
</form>
|
||||
<div id="searchresults-outer" class="searchresults-outer hidden">
|
||||
<div id="searchresults-header" class="searchresults-header"></div>
|
||||
<ul id="searchresults">
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- Apply ARIA attributes after the sidebar and the sidebar toggle button are added to the DOM -->
|
||||
<script type="text/javascript">
|
||||
document.getElementById('sidebar-toggle').setAttribute('aria-expanded', sidebar === 'visible');
|
||||
document.getElementById('sidebar').setAttribute('aria-hidden', sidebar !== 'visible');
|
||||
Array.from(document.querySelectorAll('#sidebar a')).forEach(function(link) {
|
||||
link.setAttribute('tabIndex', sidebar === 'visible' ? 0 : -1);
|
||||
});
|
||||
</script>
|
||||
|
||||
<div id="content" class="content">
|
||||
<main>
|
||||
<h1><a class="header" href="#bonus-concurrent-futures" id="bonus-concurrent-futures">Bonus: concurrent futures</a></h1>
|
||||
|
||||
</main>
|
||||
|
||||
<nav class="nav-wrapper" aria-label="Page navigation">
|
||||
<!-- Mobile navigation buttons -->
|
||||
|
||||
<a rel="prev" href="0_5_async_wait.html" class="mobile-nav-chapters previous" title="Previous chapter" aria-label="Previous chapter" aria-keyshortcuts="Left">
|
||||
<i class="fa fa-angle-left"></i>
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<div style="clear: both"></div>
|
||||
</nav>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<nav class="nav-wide-wrapper" aria-label="Page navigation">
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="0_5_async_wait.html" class="nav-chapters previous" title="Previous chapter" aria-label="Previous chapter" aria-keyshortcuts="Left">
|
||||
<i class="fa fa-angle-left"></i>
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</nav>
|
||||
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<script type="text/javascript">
|
||||
window.playpen_copyable = true;
|
||||
</script>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<script src="ace.js" type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||||
<script src="editor.js" type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||||
<script src="mode-rust.js" type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||||
<script src="theme-dawn.js" type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||||
<script src="theme-tomorrow_night.js" type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<script src="elasticlunr.min.js" type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||||
<script src="mark.min.js" type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||||
<script src="searcher.js" type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<script src="clipboard.min.js" type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||||
<script src="highlight.js" type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||||
<script src="book.js" type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- Custom JS scripts -->
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
</body>
|
||||
</html>
|
||||
4
book/FontAwesome/css/font-awesome.css
vendored
4
book/FontAwesome/css/font-awesome.css
vendored
File diff suppressed because one or more lines are too long
Binary file not shown.
43
book/ace.js
43
book/ace.js
File diff suppressed because one or more lines are too long
@@ -1,79 +0,0 @@
|
||||
/*
|
||||
Based off of the Ayu theme
|
||||
Original by Dempfi (https://github.com/dempfi/ayu)
|
||||
*/
|
||||
|
||||
.hljs {
|
||||
display: block;
|
||||
overflow-x: auto;
|
||||
background: #191f26;
|
||||
color: #e6e1cf;
|
||||
padding: 0.5em;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.hljs-comment,
|
||||
.hljs-quote,
|
||||
.hljs-meta {
|
||||
color: #5c6773;
|
||||
font-style: italic;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.hljs-variable,
|
||||
.hljs-template-variable,
|
||||
.hljs-attribute,
|
||||
.hljs-attr,
|
||||
.hljs-regexp,
|
||||
.hljs-link,
|
||||
.hljs-selector-id,
|
||||
.hljs-selector-class {
|
||||
color: #ff7733;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.hljs-number,
|
||||
.hljs-builtin-name,
|
||||
.hljs-literal,
|
||||
.hljs-type,
|
||||
.hljs-params {
|
||||
color: #ffee99;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.hljs-string,
|
||||
.hljs-bullet {
|
||||
color: #b8cc52;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.hljs-title,
|
||||
.hljs-built_in,
|
||||
.hljs-section {
|
||||
color: #ffb454;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.hljs-keyword,
|
||||
.hljs-selector-tag,
|
||||
.hljs-symbol {
|
||||
color: #ff7733;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.hljs-name {
|
||||
color: #36a3d9;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.hljs-tag {
|
||||
color: #00568d;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.hljs-emphasis {
|
||||
font-style: italic;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.hljs-strong {
|
||||
font-weight: bold;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.hljs-addition {
|
||||
color: #91b362;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.hljs-deletion {
|
||||
color: #d96c75;
|
||||
}
|
||||
605
book/book.js
605
book/book.js
@@ -1,605 +0,0 @@
|
||||
"use strict";
|
||||
|
||||
// Fix back button cache problem
|
||||
window.onunload = function () { };
|
||||
|
||||
// Global variable, shared between modules
|
||||
function playpen_text(playpen) {
|
||||
let code_block = playpen.querySelector("code");
|
||||
|
||||
if (window.ace && code_block.classList.contains("editable")) {
|
||||
let editor = window.ace.edit(code_block);
|
||||
return editor.getValue();
|
||||
} else {
|
||||
return code_block.textContent;
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
(function codeSnippets() {
|
||||
function fetch_with_timeout(url, options, timeout = 6000) {
|
||||
return Promise.race([
|
||||
fetch(url, options),
|
||||
new Promise((_, reject) => setTimeout(() => reject(new Error('timeout')), timeout))
|
||||
]);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
var playpens = Array.from(document.querySelectorAll(".playpen"));
|
||||
if (playpens.length > 0) {
|
||||
fetch_with_timeout("https://play.rust-lang.org/meta/crates", {
|
||||
headers: {
|
||||
'Content-Type': "application/json",
|
||||
},
|
||||
method: 'POST',
|
||||
mode: 'cors',
|
||||
})
|
||||
.then(response => response.json())
|
||||
.then(response => {
|
||||
// get list of crates available in the rust playground
|
||||
let playground_crates = response.crates.map(item => item["id"]);
|
||||
playpens.forEach(block => handle_crate_list_update(block, playground_crates));
|
||||
});
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
function handle_crate_list_update(playpen_block, playground_crates) {
|
||||
// update the play buttons after receiving the response
|
||||
update_play_button(playpen_block, playground_crates);
|
||||
|
||||
// and install on change listener to dynamically update ACE editors
|
||||
if (window.ace) {
|
||||
let code_block = playpen_block.querySelector("code");
|
||||
if (code_block.classList.contains("editable")) {
|
||||
let editor = window.ace.edit(code_block);
|
||||
editor.addEventListener("change", function (e) {
|
||||
update_play_button(playpen_block, playground_crates);
|
||||
});
|
||||
// add Ctrl-Enter command to execute rust code
|
||||
editor.commands.addCommand({
|
||||
name: "run",
|
||||
bindKey: {
|
||||
win: "Ctrl-Enter",
|
||||
mac: "Ctrl-Enter"
|
||||
},
|
||||
exec: _editor => run_rust_code(playpen_block)
|
||||
});
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// updates the visibility of play button based on `no_run` class and
|
||||
// used crates vs ones available on http://play.rust-lang.org
|
||||
function update_play_button(pre_block, playground_crates) {
|
||||
var play_button = pre_block.querySelector(".play-button");
|
||||
|
||||
// skip if code is `no_run`
|
||||
if (pre_block.querySelector('code').classList.contains("no_run")) {
|
||||
play_button.classList.add("hidden");
|
||||
return;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// get list of `extern crate`'s from snippet
|
||||
var txt = playpen_text(pre_block);
|
||||
var re = /extern\s+crate\s+([a-zA-Z_0-9]+)\s*;/g;
|
||||
var snippet_crates = [];
|
||||
var item;
|
||||
while (item = re.exec(txt)) {
|
||||
snippet_crates.push(item[1]);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// check if all used crates are available on play.rust-lang.org
|
||||
var all_available = snippet_crates.every(function (elem) {
|
||||
return playground_crates.indexOf(elem) > -1;
|
||||
});
|
||||
|
||||
if (all_available) {
|
||||
play_button.classList.remove("hidden");
|
||||
} else {
|
||||
play_button.classList.add("hidden");
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
function run_rust_code(code_block) {
|
||||
var result_block = code_block.querySelector(".result");
|
||||
if (!result_block) {
|
||||
result_block = document.createElement('code');
|
||||
result_block.className = 'result hljs language-bash';
|
||||
|
||||
code_block.append(result_block);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
let text = playpen_text(code_block);
|
||||
let classes = code_block.querySelector('code').classList;
|
||||
let has_2018 = classes.contains("edition2018");
|
||||
let edition = has_2018 ? "2018" : "2015";
|
||||
|
||||
var params = {
|
||||
version: "stable",
|
||||
optimize: "0",
|
||||
code: text,
|
||||
edition: edition
|
||||
};
|
||||
|
||||
if (text.indexOf("#![feature") !== -1) {
|
||||
params.version = "nightly";
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
result_block.innerText = "Running...";
|
||||
|
||||
fetch_with_timeout("https://play.rust-lang.org/evaluate.json", {
|
||||
headers: {
|
||||
'Content-Type': "application/json",
|
||||
},
|
||||
method: 'POST',
|
||||
mode: 'cors',
|
||||
body: JSON.stringify(params)
|
||||
})
|
||||
.then(response => response.json())
|
||||
.then(response => result_block.innerText = response.result)
|
||||
.catch(error => result_block.innerText = "Playground Communication: " + error.message);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Syntax highlighting Configuration
|
||||
hljs.configure({
|
||||
tabReplace: ' ', // 4 spaces
|
||||
languages: [], // Languages used for auto-detection
|
||||
});
|
||||
|
||||
if (window.ace) {
|
||||
// language-rust class needs to be removed for editable
|
||||
// blocks or highlightjs will capture events
|
||||
Array
|
||||
.from(document.querySelectorAll('code.editable'))
|
||||
.forEach(function (block) { block.classList.remove('language-rust'); });
|
||||
|
||||
Array
|
||||
.from(document.querySelectorAll('code:not(.editable)'))
|
||||
.forEach(function (block) { hljs.highlightBlock(block); });
|
||||
} else {
|
||||
Array
|
||||
.from(document.querySelectorAll('code'))
|
||||
.forEach(function (block) { hljs.highlightBlock(block); });
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Adding the hljs class gives code blocks the color css
|
||||
// even if highlighting doesn't apply
|
||||
Array
|
||||
.from(document.querySelectorAll('code'))
|
||||
.forEach(function (block) { block.classList.add('hljs'); });
|
||||
|
||||
Array.from(document.querySelectorAll("code.language-rust")).forEach(function (block) {
|
||||
|
||||
var lines = Array.from(block.querySelectorAll('.boring'));
|
||||
// If no lines were hidden, return
|
||||
if (!lines.length) { return; }
|
||||
block.classList.add("hide-boring");
|
||||
|
||||
var buttons = document.createElement('div');
|
||||
buttons.className = 'buttons';
|
||||
buttons.innerHTML = "<button class=\"fa fa-expand\" title=\"Show hidden lines\" aria-label=\"Show hidden lines\"></button>";
|
||||
|
||||
// add expand button
|
||||
var pre_block = block.parentNode;
|
||||
pre_block.insertBefore(buttons, pre_block.firstChild);
|
||||
|
||||
pre_block.querySelector('.buttons').addEventListener('click', function (e) {
|
||||
if (e.target.classList.contains('fa-expand')) {
|
||||
e.target.classList.remove('fa-expand');
|
||||
e.target.classList.add('fa-compress');
|
||||
e.target.title = 'Hide lines';
|
||||
e.target.setAttribute('aria-label', e.target.title);
|
||||
|
||||
block.classList.remove('hide-boring');
|
||||
} else if (e.target.classList.contains('fa-compress')) {
|
||||
e.target.classList.remove('fa-compress');
|
||||
e.target.classList.add('fa-expand');
|
||||
e.target.title = 'Show hidden lines';
|
||||
e.target.setAttribute('aria-label', e.target.title);
|
||||
|
||||
block.classList.add('hide-boring');
|
||||
}
|
||||
});
|
||||
});
|
||||
|
||||
if (window.playpen_copyable) {
|
||||
Array.from(document.querySelectorAll('pre code')).forEach(function (block) {
|
||||
var pre_block = block.parentNode;
|
||||
if (!pre_block.classList.contains('playpen')) {
|
||||
var buttons = pre_block.querySelector(".buttons");
|
||||
if (!buttons) {
|
||||
buttons = document.createElement('div');
|
||||
buttons.className = 'buttons';
|
||||
pre_block.insertBefore(buttons, pre_block.firstChild);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
var clipButton = document.createElement('button');
|
||||
clipButton.className = 'fa fa-copy clip-button';
|
||||
clipButton.title = 'Copy to clipboard';
|
||||
clipButton.setAttribute('aria-label', clipButton.title);
|
||||
clipButton.innerHTML = '<i class=\"tooltiptext\"></i>';
|
||||
|
||||
buttons.insertBefore(clipButton, buttons.firstChild);
|
||||
}
|
||||
});
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Process playpen code blocks
|
||||
Array.from(document.querySelectorAll(".playpen")).forEach(function (pre_block) {
|
||||
// Add play button
|
||||
var buttons = pre_block.querySelector(".buttons");
|
||||
if (!buttons) {
|
||||
buttons = document.createElement('div');
|
||||
buttons.className = 'buttons';
|
||||
pre_block.insertBefore(buttons, pre_block.firstChild);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
var runCodeButton = document.createElement('button');
|
||||
runCodeButton.className = 'fa fa-play play-button';
|
||||
runCodeButton.hidden = true;
|
||||
runCodeButton.title = 'Run this code';
|
||||
runCodeButton.setAttribute('aria-label', runCodeButton.title);
|
||||
|
||||
buttons.insertBefore(runCodeButton, buttons.firstChild);
|
||||
runCodeButton.addEventListener('click', function (e) {
|
||||
run_rust_code(pre_block);
|
||||
});
|
||||
|
||||
if (window.playpen_copyable) {
|
||||
var copyCodeClipboardButton = document.createElement('button');
|
||||
copyCodeClipboardButton.className = 'fa fa-copy clip-button';
|
||||
copyCodeClipboardButton.innerHTML = '<i class="tooltiptext"></i>';
|
||||
copyCodeClipboardButton.title = 'Copy to clipboard';
|
||||
copyCodeClipboardButton.setAttribute('aria-label', copyCodeClipboardButton.title);
|
||||
|
||||
buttons.insertBefore(copyCodeClipboardButton, buttons.firstChild);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
let code_block = pre_block.querySelector("code");
|
||||
if (window.ace && code_block.classList.contains("editable")) {
|
||||
var undoChangesButton = document.createElement('button');
|
||||
undoChangesButton.className = 'fa fa-history reset-button';
|
||||
undoChangesButton.title = 'Undo changes';
|
||||
undoChangesButton.setAttribute('aria-label', undoChangesButton.title);
|
||||
|
||||
buttons.insertBefore(undoChangesButton, buttons.firstChild);
|
||||
|
||||
undoChangesButton.addEventListener('click', function () {
|
||||
let editor = window.ace.edit(code_block);
|
||||
editor.setValue(editor.originalCode);
|
||||
editor.clearSelection();
|
||||
});
|
||||
}
|
||||
});
|
||||
})();
|
||||
|
||||
(function themes() {
|
||||
var html = document.querySelector('html');
|
||||
var themeToggleButton = document.getElementById('theme-toggle');
|
||||
var themePopup = document.getElementById('theme-list');
|
||||
var themeColorMetaTag = document.querySelector('meta[name="theme-color"]');
|
||||
var stylesheets = {
|
||||
ayuHighlight: document.querySelector("[href$='ayu-highlight.css']"),
|
||||
tomorrowNight: document.querySelector("[href$='tomorrow-night.css']"),
|
||||
highlight: document.querySelector("[href$='highlight.css']"),
|
||||
};
|
||||
|
||||
function showThemes() {
|
||||
themePopup.style.display = 'block';
|
||||
themeToggleButton.setAttribute('aria-expanded', true);
|
||||
themePopup.querySelector("button#" + document.body.className).focus();
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
function hideThemes() {
|
||||
themePopup.style.display = 'none';
|
||||
themeToggleButton.setAttribute('aria-expanded', false);
|
||||
themeToggleButton.focus();
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
function set_theme(theme, store = true) {
|
||||
let ace_theme;
|
||||
|
||||
if (theme == 'coal' || theme == 'navy') {
|
||||
stylesheets.ayuHighlight.disabled = true;
|
||||
stylesheets.tomorrowNight.disabled = false;
|
||||
stylesheets.highlight.disabled = true;
|
||||
|
||||
ace_theme = "ace/theme/tomorrow_night";
|
||||
} else if (theme == 'ayu') {
|
||||
stylesheets.ayuHighlight.disabled = false;
|
||||
stylesheets.tomorrowNight.disabled = true;
|
||||
stylesheets.highlight.disabled = true;
|
||||
ace_theme = "ace/theme/tomorrow_night";
|
||||
} else {
|
||||
stylesheets.ayuHighlight.disabled = true;
|
||||
stylesheets.tomorrowNight.disabled = true;
|
||||
stylesheets.highlight.disabled = false;
|
||||
ace_theme = "ace/theme/dawn";
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
setTimeout(function () {
|
||||
themeColorMetaTag.content = getComputedStyle(document.body).backgroundColor;
|
||||
}, 1);
|
||||
|
||||
if (window.ace && window.editors) {
|
||||
window.editors.forEach(function (editor) {
|
||||
editor.setTheme(ace_theme);
|
||||
});
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
var previousTheme;
|
||||
try { previousTheme = localStorage.getItem('mdbook-theme'); } catch (e) { }
|
||||
if (previousTheme === null || previousTheme === undefined) { previousTheme = default_theme; }
|
||||
|
||||
if (store) {
|
||||
try { localStorage.setItem('mdbook-theme', theme); } catch (e) { }
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
html.classList.remove(previousTheme);
|
||||
html.classList.add(theme);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Set theme
|
||||
var theme;
|
||||
try { theme = localStorage.getItem('mdbook-theme'); } catch(e) { }
|
||||
if (theme === null || theme === undefined) { theme = default_theme; }
|
||||
|
||||
set_theme(theme, false);
|
||||
|
||||
themeToggleButton.addEventListener('click', function () {
|
||||
if (themePopup.style.display === 'block') {
|
||||
hideThemes();
|
||||
} else {
|
||||
showThemes();
|
||||
}
|
||||
});
|
||||
|
||||
themePopup.addEventListener('click', function (e) {
|
||||
var theme = e.target.id || e.target.parentElement.id;
|
||||
set_theme(theme);
|
||||
});
|
||||
|
||||
themePopup.addEventListener('focusout', function(e) {
|
||||
// e.relatedTarget is null in Safari and Firefox on macOS (see workaround below)
|
||||
if (!!e.relatedTarget && !themeToggleButton.contains(e.relatedTarget) && !themePopup.contains(e.relatedTarget)) {
|
||||
hideThemes();
|
||||
}
|
||||
});
|
||||
|
||||
// Should not be needed, but it works around an issue on macOS & iOS: https://github.com/rust-lang/mdBook/issues/628
|
||||
document.addEventListener('click', function(e) {
|
||||
if (themePopup.style.display === 'block' && !themeToggleButton.contains(e.target) && !themePopup.contains(e.target)) {
|
||||
hideThemes();
|
||||
}
|
||||
});
|
||||
|
||||
document.addEventListener('keydown', function (e) {
|
||||
if (e.altKey || e.ctrlKey || e.metaKey || e.shiftKey) { return; }
|
||||
if (!themePopup.contains(e.target)) { return; }
|
||||
|
||||
switch (e.key) {
|
||||
case 'Escape':
|
||||
e.preventDefault();
|
||||
hideThemes();
|
||||
break;
|
||||
case 'ArrowUp':
|
||||
e.preventDefault();
|
||||
var li = document.activeElement.parentElement;
|
||||
if (li && li.previousElementSibling) {
|
||||
li.previousElementSibling.querySelector('button').focus();
|
||||
}
|
||||
break;
|
||||
case 'ArrowDown':
|
||||
e.preventDefault();
|
||||
var li = document.activeElement.parentElement;
|
||||
if (li && li.nextElementSibling) {
|
||||
li.nextElementSibling.querySelector('button').focus();
|
||||
}
|
||||
break;
|
||||
case 'Home':
|
||||
e.preventDefault();
|
||||
themePopup.querySelector('li:first-child button').focus();
|
||||
break;
|
||||
case 'End':
|
||||
e.preventDefault();
|
||||
themePopup.querySelector('li:last-child button').focus();
|
||||
break;
|
||||
}
|
||||
});
|
||||
})();
|
||||
|
||||
(function sidebar() {
|
||||
var html = document.querySelector("html");
|
||||
var sidebar = document.getElementById("sidebar");
|
||||
var sidebarScrollBox = document.getElementById("sidebar-scrollbox");
|
||||
var sidebarLinks = document.querySelectorAll('#sidebar a');
|
||||
var sidebarToggleButton = document.getElementById("sidebar-toggle");
|
||||
var sidebarResizeHandle = document.getElementById("sidebar-resize-handle");
|
||||
var firstContact = null;
|
||||
|
||||
function showSidebar() {
|
||||
html.classList.remove('sidebar-hidden')
|
||||
html.classList.add('sidebar-visible');
|
||||
Array.from(sidebarLinks).forEach(function (link) {
|
||||
link.setAttribute('tabIndex', 0);
|
||||
});
|
||||
sidebarToggleButton.setAttribute('aria-expanded', true);
|
||||
sidebar.setAttribute('aria-hidden', false);
|
||||
try { localStorage.setItem('mdbook-sidebar', 'visible'); } catch (e) { }
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
var sidebarAnchorToggles = document.querySelectorAll('#sidebar a.toggle');
|
||||
|
||||
function toggleSection(ev) {
|
||||
ev.currentTarget.parentElement.classList.toggle('expanded');
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
Array.from(sidebarAnchorToggles).forEach(function (el) {
|
||||
el.addEventListener('click', toggleSection);
|
||||
});
|
||||
|
||||
function hideSidebar() {
|
||||
html.classList.remove('sidebar-visible')
|
||||
html.classList.add('sidebar-hidden');
|
||||
Array.from(sidebarLinks).forEach(function (link) {
|
||||
link.setAttribute('tabIndex', -1);
|
||||
});
|
||||
sidebarToggleButton.setAttribute('aria-expanded', false);
|
||||
sidebar.setAttribute('aria-hidden', true);
|
||||
try { localStorage.setItem('mdbook-sidebar', 'hidden'); } catch (e) { }
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Toggle sidebar
|
||||
sidebarToggleButton.addEventListener('click', function sidebarToggle() {
|
||||
if (html.classList.contains("sidebar-hidden")) {
|
||||
showSidebar();
|
||||
} else if (html.classList.contains("sidebar-visible")) {
|
||||
hideSidebar();
|
||||
} else {
|
||||
if (getComputedStyle(sidebar)['transform'] === 'none') {
|
||||
hideSidebar();
|
||||
} else {
|
||||
showSidebar();
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
});
|
||||
|
||||
sidebarResizeHandle.addEventListener('mousedown', initResize, false);
|
||||
|
||||
function initResize(e) {
|
||||
window.addEventListener('mousemove', resize, false);
|
||||
window.addEventListener('mouseup', stopResize, false);
|
||||
html.classList.add('sidebar-resizing');
|
||||
}
|
||||
function resize(e) {
|
||||
document.documentElement.style.setProperty('--sidebar-width', (e.clientX - sidebar.offsetLeft) + 'px');
|
||||
}
|
||||
//on mouseup remove windows functions mousemove & mouseup
|
||||
function stopResize(e) {
|
||||
html.classList.remove('sidebar-resizing');
|
||||
window.removeEventListener('mousemove', resize, false);
|
||||
window.removeEventListener('mouseup', stopResize, false);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
document.addEventListener('touchstart', function (e) {
|
||||
firstContact = {
|
||||
x: e.touches[0].clientX,
|
||||
time: Date.now()
|
||||
};
|
||||
}, { passive: true });
|
||||
|
||||
document.addEventListener('touchmove', function (e) {
|
||||
if (!firstContact)
|
||||
return;
|
||||
|
||||
var curX = e.touches[0].clientX;
|
||||
var xDiff = curX - firstContact.x,
|
||||
tDiff = Date.now() - firstContact.time;
|
||||
|
||||
if (tDiff < 250 && Math.abs(xDiff) >= 150) {
|
||||
if (xDiff >= 0 && firstContact.x < Math.min(document.body.clientWidth * 0.25, 300))
|
||||
showSidebar();
|
||||
else if (xDiff < 0 && curX < 300)
|
||||
hideSidebar();
|
||||
|
||||
firstContact = null;
|
||||
}
|
||||
}, { passive: true });
|
||||
|
||||
// Scroll sidebar to current active section
|
||||
var activeSection = sidebar.querySelector(".active");
|
||||
if (activeSection) {
|
||||
sidebarScrollBox.scrollTop = activeSection.offsetTop;
|
||||
}
|
||||
})();
|
||||
|
||||
(function chapterNavigation() {
|
||||
document.addEventListener('keydown', function (e) {
|
||||
if (e.altKey || e.ctrlKey || e.metaKey || e.shiftKey) { return; }
|
||||
if (window.search && window.search.hasFocus()) { return; }
|
||||
|
||||
switch (e.key) {
|
||||
case 'ArrowRight':
|
||||
e.preventDefault();
|
||||
var nextButton = document.querySelector('.nav-chapters.next');
|
||||
if (nextButton) {
|
||||
window.location.href = nextButton.href;
|
||||
}
|
||||
break;
|
||||
case 'ArrowLeft':
|
||||
e.preventDefault();
|
||||
var previousButton = document.querySelector('.nav-chapters.previous');
|
||||
if (previousButton) {
|
||||
window.location.href = previousButton.href;
|
||||
}
|
||||
break;
|
||||
}
|
||||
});
|
||||
})();
|
||||
|
||||
(function clipboard() {
|
||||
var clipButtons = document.querySelectorAll('.clip-button');
|
||||
|
||||
function hideTooltip(elem) {
|
||||
elem.firstChild.innerText = "";
|
||||
elem.className = 'fa fa-copy clip-button';
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
function showTooltip(elem, msg) {
|
||||
elem.firstChild.innerText = msg;
|
||||
elem.className = 'fa fa-copy tooltipped';
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
var clipboardSnippets = new ClipboardJS('.clip-button', {
|
||||
text: function (trigger) {
|
||||
hideTooltip(trigger);
|
||||
let playpen = trigger.closest("pre");
|
||||
return playpen_text(playpen);
|
||||
}
|
||||
});
|
||||
|
||||
Array.from(clipButtons).forEach(function (clipButton) {
|
||||
clipButton.addEventListener('mouseout', function (e) {
|
||||
hideTooltip(e.currentTarget);
|
||||
});
|
||||
});
|
||||
|
||||
clipboardSnippets.on('success', function (e) {
|
||||
e.clearSelection();
|
||||
showTooltip(e.trigger, "Copied!");
|
||||
});
|
||||
|
||||
clipboardSnippets.on('error', function (e) {
|
||||
showTooltip(e.trigger, "Clipboard error!");
|
||||
});
|
||||
})();
|
||||
|
||||
(function scrollToTop () {
|
||||
var menuTitle = document.querySelector('.menu-title');
|
||||
|
||||
menuTitle.addEventListener('click', function () {
|
||||
document.scrollingElement.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' });
|
||||
});
|
||||
})();
|
||||
|
||||
(function autoHideMenu() {
|
||||
var menu = document.getElementById('menu-bar');
|
||||
|
||||
var previousScrollTop = document.scrollingElement.scrollTop;
|
||||
|
||||
document.addEventListener('scroll', function () {
|
||||
if (menu.classList.contains('folded') && document.scrollingElement.scrollTop < previousScrollTop) {
|
||||
menu.classList.remove('folded');
|
||||
} else if (!menu.classList.contains('folded') && document.scrollingElement.scrollTop > previousScrollTop) {
|
||||
menu.classList.add('folded');
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
if (!menu.classList.contains('bordered') && document.scrollingElement.scrollTop > 0) {
|
||||
menu.classList.add('bordered');
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
if (menu.classList.contains('bordered') && document.scrollingElement.scrollTop === 0) {
|
||||
menu.classList.remove('bordered');
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
previousScrollTop = Math.max(document.scrollingElement.scrollTop, 0);
|
||||
}, { passive: true });
|
||||
})();
|
||||
7
book/clipboard.min.js
vendored
7
book/clipboard.min.js
vendored
File diff suppressed because one or more lines are too long
@@ -1,484 +0,0 @@
|
||||
/* CSS for UI elements (a.k.a. chrome) */
|
||||
|
||||
@import 'variables.css';
|
||||
|
||||
::-webkit-scrollbar {
|
||||
background: var(--bg);
|
||||
}
|
||||
::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb {
|
||||
background: var(--scrollbar);
|
||||
}
|
||||
html {
|
||||
scrollbar-color: var(--scrollbar) var(--bg);
|
||||
}
|
||||
#searchresults a,
|
||||
.content a:link,
|
||||
a:visited,
|
||||
a > .hljs {
|
||||
color: var(--links);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* Menu Bar */
|
||||
|
||||
#menu-bar {
|
||||
position: -webkit-sticky;
|
||||
position: sticky;
|
||||
top: 0;
|
||||
z-index: 101;
|
||||
margin: auto calc(0px - var(--page-padding));
|
||||
}
|
||||
#menu-bar > #menu-bar-sticky-container {
|
||||
display: flex;
|
||||
flex-wrap: wrap;
|
||||
background-color: var(--bg);
|
||||
border-bottom-color: var(--bg);
|
||||
border-bottom-width: 1px;
|
||||
border-bottom-style: solid;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.js #menu-bar > #menu-bar-sticky-container {
|
||||
transition: transform 0.3s;
|
||||
}
|
||||
#menu-bar.bordered > #menu-bar-sticky-container {
|
||||
border-bottom-color: var(--table-border-color);
|
||||
}
|
||||
#menu-bar i, #menu-bar .icon-button {
|
||||
position: relative;
|
||||
padding: 0 8px;
|
||||
z-index: 10;
|
||||
line-height: var(--menu-bar-height);
|
||||
cursor: pointer;
|
||||
transition: color 0.5s;
|
||||
}
|
||||
@media only screen and (max-width: 420px) {
|
||||
#menu-bar i, #menu-bar .icon-button {
|
||||
padding: 0 5px;
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.icon-button {
|
||||
border: none;
|
||||
background: none;
|
||||
padding: 0;
|
||||
color: inherit;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.icon-button i {
|
||||
margin: 0;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.right-buttons {
|
||||
margin: 0 15px;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.right-buttons a {
|
||||
text-decoration: none;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
html:not(.sidebar-visible) #menu-bar:not(:hover).folded > #menu-bar-sticky-container {
|
||||
transform: translateY(calc(-10px - var(--menu-bar-height)));
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.left-buttons {
|
||||
display: flex;
|
||||
margin: 0 5px;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.no-js .left-buttons {
|
||||
display: none;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.menu-title {
|
||||
display: inline-block;
|
||||
font-weight: 200;
|
||||
font-size: 2rem;
|
||||
line-height: var(--menu-bar-height);
|
||||
text-align: center;
|
||||
margin: 0;
|
||||
flex: 1;
|
||||
white-space: nowrap;
|
||||
overflow: hidden;
|
||||
text-overflow: ellipsis;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.js .menu-title {
|
||||
cursor: pointer;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.menu-bar,
|
||||
.menu-bar:visited,
|
||||
.nav-chapters,
|
||||
.nav-chapters:visited,
|
||||
.mobile-nav-chapters,
|
||||
.mobile-nav-chapters:visited,
|
||||
.menu-bar .icon-button,
|
||||
.menu-bar a i {
|
||||
color: var(--icons);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.menu-bar i:hover,
|
||||
.menu-bar .icon-button:hover,
|
||||
.nav-chapters:hover,
|
||||
.mobile-nav-chapters i:hover {
|
||||
color: var(--icons-hover);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* Nav Icons */
|
||||
|
||||
.nav-chapters {
|
||||
font-size: 2.5em;
|
||||
text-align: center;
|
||||
text-decoration: none;
|
||||
|
||||
position: fixed;
|
||||
top: 0;
|
||||
bottom: 0;
|
||||
margin: 0;
|
||||
max-width: 150px;
|
||||
min-width: 90px;
|
||||
|
||||
display: flex;
|
||||
justify-content: center;
|
||||
align-content: center;
|
||||
flex-direction: column;
|
||||
|
||||
transition: color 0.5s, background-color 0.5s;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.nav-chapters:hover {
|
||||
text-decoration: none;
|
||||
background-color: var(--theme-hover);
|
||||
transition: background-color 0.15s, color 0.15s;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.nav-wrapper {
|
||||
margin-top: 50px;
|
||||
display: none;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.mobile-nav-chapters {
|
||||
font-size: 2.5em;
|
||||
text-align: center;
|
||||
text-decoration: none;
|
||||
width: 90px;
|
||||
border-radius: 5px;
|
||||
background-color: var(--sidebar-bg);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.previous {
|
||||
float: left;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.next {
|
||||
float: right;
|
||||
right: var(--page-padding);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
@media only screen and (max-width: 1080px) {
|
||||
.nav-wide-wrapper { display: none; }
|
||||
.nav-wrapper { display: block; }
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
@media only screen and (max-width: 1380px) {
|
||||
.sidebar-visible .nav-wide-wrapper { display: none; }
|
||||
.sidebar-visible .nav-wrapper { display: block; }
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* Inline code */
|
||||
|
||||
:not(pre) > .hljs {
|
||||
display: inline;
|
||||
padding: 0.1em 0.3em;
|
||||
border-radius: 3px;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
:not(pre):not(a) > .hljs {
|
||||
color: var(--inline-code-color);
|
||||
overflow-x: initial;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
a:hover > .hljs {
|
||||
text-decoration: underline;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
pre {
|
||||
position: relative;
|
||||
}
|
||||
pre > .buttons {
|
||||
position: absolute;
|
||||
z-index: 100;
|
||||
right: 5px;
|
||||
top: 5px;
|
||||
|
||||
color: var(--sidebar-fg);
|
||||
cursor: pointer;
|
||||
}
|
||||
pre > .buttons :hover {
|
||||
color: var(--sidebar-active);
|
||||
}
|
||||
pre > .buttons i {
|
||||
margin-left: 8px;
|
||||
}
|
||||
pre > .buttons button {
|
||||
color: inherit;
|
||||
background: transparent;
|
||||
border: none;
|
||||
cursor: inherit;
|
||||
}
|
||||
pre > .result {
|
||||
margin-top: 10px;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* Search */
|
||||
|
||||
#searchresults a {
|
||||
text-decoration: none;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
mark {
|
||||
border-radius: 2px;
|
||||
padding: 0 3px 1px 3px;
|
||||
margin: 0 -3px -1px -3px;
|
||||
background-color: var(--search-mark-bg);
|
||||
transition: background-color 300ms linear;
|
||||
cursor: pointer;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
mark.fade-out {
|
||||
background-color: rgba(0,0,0,0) !important;
|
||||
cursor: auto;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.searchbar-outer {
|
||||
margin-left: auto;
|
||||
margin-right: auto;
|
||||
max-width: var(--content-max-width);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
#searchbar {
|
||||
width: 100%;
|
||||
margin: 5px auto 0px auto;
|
||||
padding: 10px 16px;
|
||||
transition: box-shadow 300ms ease-in-out;
|
||||
border: 1px solid var(--searchbar-border-color);
|
||||
border-radius: 3px;
|
||||
background-color: var(--searchbar-bg);
|
||||
color: var(--searchbar-fg);
|
||||
}
|
||||
#searchbar:focus,
|
||||
#searchbar.active {
|
||||
box-shadow: 0 0 3px var(--searchbar-shadow-color);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.searchresults-header {
|
||||
font-weight: bold;
|
||||
font-size: 1em;
|
||||
padding: 18px 0 0 5px;
|
||||
color: var(--searchresults-header-fg);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.searchresults-outer {
|
||||
margin-left: auto;
|
||||
margin-right: auto;
|
||||
max-width: var(--content-max-width);
|
||||
border-bottom: 1px dashed var(--searchresults-border-color);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
ul#searchresults {
|
||||
list-style: none;
|
||||
padding-left: 20px;
|
||||
}
|
||||
ul#searchresults li {
|
||||
margin: 10px 0px;
|
||||
padding: 2px;
|
||||
border-radius: 2px;
|
||||
}
|
||||
ul#searchresults li.focus {
|
||||
background-color: var(--searchresults-li-bg);
|
||||
}
|
||||
ul#searchresults span.teaser {
|
||||
display: block;
|
||||
clear: both;
|
||||
margin: 5px 0 0 20px;
|
||||
font-size: 0.8em;
|
||||
}
|
||||
ul#searchresults span.teaser em {
|
||||
font-weight: bold;
|
||||
font-style: normal;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* Sidebar */
|
||||
|
||||
.sidebar {
|
||||
position: fixed;
|
||||
left: 0;
|
||||
top: 0;
|
||||
bottom: 0;
|
||||
width: var(--sidebar-width);
|
||||
font-size: 0.875em;
|
||||
box-sizing: border-box;
|
||||
-webkit-overflow-scrolling: touch;
|
||||
overscroll-behavior-y: contain;
|
||||
background-color: var(--sidebar-bg);
|
||||
color: var(--sidebar-fg);
|
||||
}
|
||||
.sidebar-resizing {
|
||||
-moz-user-select: none;
|
||||
-webkit-user-select: none;
|
||||
-ms-user-select: none;
|
||||
user-select: none;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.js:not(.sidebar-resizing) .sidebar {
|
||||
transition: transform 0.3s; /* Animation: slide away */
|
||||
}
|
||||
.sidebar code {
|
||||
line-height: 2em;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.sidebar .sidebar-scrollbox {
|
||||
overflow-y: auto;
|
||||
position: absolute;
|
||||
top: 0;
|
||||
bottom: 0;
|
||||
left: 0;
|
||||
right: 0;
|
||||
padding: 10px 10px;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.sidebar .sidebar-resize-handle {
|
||||
position: absolute;
|
||||
cursor: col-resize;
|
||||
width: 0;
|
||||
right: 0;
|
||||
top: 0;
|
||||
bottom: 0;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.js .sidebar .sidebar-resize-handle {
|
||||
cursor: col-resize;
|
||||
width: 5px;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.sidebar-hidden .sidebar {
|
||||
transform: translateX(calc(0px - var(--sidebar-width)));
|
||||
}
|
||||
.sidebar::-webkit-scrollbar {
|
||||
background: var(--sidebar-bg);
|
||||
}
|
||||
.sidebar::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb {
|
||||
background: var(--scrollbar);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.sidebar-visible .page-wrapper {
|
||||
transform: translateX(var(--sidebar-width));
|
||||
}
|
||||
@media only screen and (min-width: 620px) {
|
||||
.sidebar-visible .page-wrapper {
|
||||
transform: none;
|
||||
margin-left: var(--sidebar-width);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.chapter {
|
||||
list-style: none outside none;
|
||||
padding-left: 0;
|
||||
line-height: 2.2em;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.chapter ol {
|
||||
width: 100%;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.chapter li {
|
||||
display: flex;
|
||||
color: var(--sidebar-non-existant);
|
||||
}
|
||||
.chapter li a {
|
||||
display: block;
|
||||
padding: 0;
|
||||
text-decoration: none;
|
||||
color: var(--sidebar-fg);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.chapter li a:hover {
|
||||
color: var(--sidebar-active);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.chapter li a.active {
|
||||
color: var(--sidebar-active);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.chapter li > a.toggle {
|
||||
cursor: pointer;
|
||||
display: block;
|
||||
margin-left: auto;
|
||||
padding: 0 10px;
|
||||
user-select: none;
|
||||
opacity: 0.68;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.chapter li > a.toggle div {
|
||||
transition: transform 0.5s;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* collapse the section */
|
||||
.chapter li:not(.expanded) + li > ol {
|
||||
display: none;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.chapter li.expanded > a.toggle div {
|
||||
transform: rotate(90deg);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.spacer {
|
||||
width: 100%;
|
||||
height: 3px;
|
||||
margin: 5px 0px;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.chapter .spacer {
|
||||
background-color: var(--sidebar-spacer);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
@media (-moz-touch-enabled: 1), (pointer: coarse) {
|
||||
.chapter li a { padding: 5px 0; }
|
||||
.spacer { margin: 10px 0; }
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.section {
|
||||
list-style: none outside none;
|
||||
padding-left: 20px;
|
||||
line-height: 1.9em;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* Theme Menu Popup */
|
||||
|
||||
.theme-popup {
|
||||
position: absolute;
|
||||
left: 10px;
|
||||
top: var(--menu-bar-height);
|
||||
z-index: 1000;
|
||||
border-radius: 4px;
|
||||
font-size: 0.7em;
|
||||
color: var(--fg);
|
||||
background: var(--theme-popup-bg);
|
||||
border: 1px solid var(--theme-popup-border);
|
||||
margin: 0;
|
||||
padding: 0;
|
||||
list-style: none;
|
||||
display: none;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.theme-popup .default {
|
||||
color: var(--icons);
|
||||
}
|
||||
.theme-popup .theme {
|
||||
width: 100%;
|
||||
border: 0;
|
||||
margin: 0;
|
||||
padding: 2px 10px;
|
||||
line-height: 25px;
|
||||
white-space: nowrap;
|
||||
text-align: left;
|
||||
cursor: pointer;
|
||||
color: inherit;
|
||||
background: inherit;
|
||||
font-size: inherit;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.theme-popup .theme:hover {
|
||||
background-color: var(--theme-hover);
|
||||
}
|
||||
.theme-popup .theme:hover:first-child,
|
||||
.theme-popup .theme:hover:last-child {
|
||||
border-top-left-radius: inherit;
|
||||
border-top-right-radius: inherit;
|
||||
}
|
||||
@@ -1,159 +0,0 @@
|
||||
/* Base styles and content styles */
|
||||
|
||||
@import 'variables.css';
|
||||
|
||||
:root {
|
||||
/* Browser default font-size is 16px, this way 1 rem = 10px */
|
||||
font-size: 62.5%;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
html {
|
||||
font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif;
|
||||
color: var(--fg);
|
||||
background-color: var(--bg);
|
||||
text-size-adjust: none;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
body {
|
||||
margin: 0;
|
||||
font-size: 1.6rem;
|
||||
overflow-x: hidden;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
code {
|
||||
font-family: "Source Code Pro", Consolas, "Ubuntu Mono", Menlo, "DejaVu Sans Mono", monospace, monospace !important;
|
||||
font-size: 0.875em; /* please adjust the ace font size accordingly in editor.js */
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.left { float: left; }
|
||||
.right { float: right; }
|
||||
.boring { opacity: 0.6; }
|
||||
.hide-boring .boring { display: none; }
|
||||
.hidden { display: none; }
|
||||
|
||||
h2, h3 { margin-top: 2.5em; }
|
||||
h4, h5 { margin-top: 2em; }
|
||||
|
||||
.header + .header h3,
|
||||
.header + .header h4,
|
||||
.header + .header h5 {
|
||||
margin-top: 1em;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
h1 a.header:target::before,
|
||||
h2 a.header:target::before,
|
||||
h3 a.header:target::before,
|
||||
h4 a.header:target::before {
|
||||
display: inline-block;
|
||||
content: "»";
|
||||
margin-left: -30px;
|
||||
width: 30px;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
h1 a.header:target,
|
||||
h2 a.header:target,
|
||||
h3 a.header:target,
|
||||
h4 a.header:target {
|
||||
scroll-margin-top: calc(var(--menu-bar-height) + 0.5em);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.page {
|
||||
outline: 0;
|
||||
padding: 0 var(--page-padding);
|
||||
}
|
||||
.page-wrapper {
|
||||
box-sizing: border-box;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.js:not(.sidebar-resizing) .page-wrapper {
|
||||
transition: margin-left 0.3s ease, transform 0.3s ease; /* Animation: slide away */
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.content {
|
||||
overflow-y: auto;
|
||||
padding: 0 15px;
|
||||
padding-bottom: 50px;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.content main {
|
||||
margin-left: auto;
|
||||
margin-right: auto;
|
||||
max-width: var(--content-max-width);
|
||||
}
|
||||
.content a { text-decoration: none; }
|
||||
.content a:hover { text-decoration: underline; }
|
||||
.content img { max-width: 100%; }
|
||||
.content .header:link,
|
||||
.content .header:visited {
|
||||
color: var(--fg);
|
||||
}
|
||||
.content .header:link,
|
||||
.content .header:visited:hover {
|
||||
text-decoration: none;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
table {
|
||||
margin: 0 auto;
|
||||
border-collapse: collapse;
|
||||
}
|
||||
table td {
|
||||
padding: 3px 20px;
|
||||
border: 1px var(--table-border-color) solid;
|
||||
}
|
||||
table thead {
|
||||
background: var(--table-header-bg);
|
||||
}
|
||||
table thead td {
|
||||
font-weight: 700;
|
||||
border: none;
|
||||
}
|
||||
table thead th {
|
||||
padding: 3px 20px;
|
||||
}
|
||||
table thead tr {
|
||||
border: 1px var(--table-header-bg) solid;
|
||||
}
|
||||
/* Alternate background colors for rows */
|
||||
table tbody tr:nth-child(2n) {
|
||||
background: var(--table-alternate-bg);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
blockquote {
|
||||
margin: 20px 0;
|
||||
padding: 0 20px;
|
||||
color: var(--fg);
|
||||
background-color: var(--quote-bg);
|
||||
border-top: .1em solid var(--quote-border);
|
||||
border-bottom: .1em solid var(--quote-border);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
:not(.footnote-definition) + .footnote-definition,
|
||||
.footnote-definition + :not(.footnote-definition) {
|
||||
margin-top: 2em;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.footnote-definition {
|
||||
font-size: 0.9em;
|
||||
margin: 0.5em 0;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.footnote-definition p {
|
||||
display: inline;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.tooltiptext {
|
||||
position: absolute;
|
||||
visibility: hidden;
|
||||
color: #fff;
|
||||
background-color: #333;
|
||||
transform: translateX(-50%); /* Center by moving tooltip 50% of its width left */
|
||||
left: -8px; /* Half of the width of the icon */
|
||||
top: -35px;
|
||||
font-size: 0.8em;
|
||||
text-align: center;
|
||||
border-radius: 6px;
|
||||
padding: 5px 8px;
|
||||
margin: 5px;
|
||||
z-index: 1000;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.tooltipped .tooltiptext {
|
||||
visibility: visible;
|
||||
}
|
||||
@@ -1,54 +0,0 @@
|
||||
|
||||
#sidebar,
|
||||
#menu-bar,
|
||||
.nav-chapters,
|
||||
.mobile-nav-chapters {
|
||||
display: none;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
#page-wrapper.page-wrapper {
|
||||
transform: none;
|
||||
margin-left: 0px;
|
||||
overflow-y: initial;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
#content {
|
||||
max-width: none;
|
||||
margin: 0;
|
||||
padding: 0;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.page {
|
||||
overflow-y: initial;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
code {
|
||||
background-color: #666666;
|
||||
border-radius: 5px;
|
||||
|
||||
/* Force background to be printed in Chrome */
|
||||
-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
pre > .buttons {
|
||||
z-index: 2;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
a, a:visited, a:active, a:hover {
|
||||
color: #4183c4;
|
||||
text-decoration: none;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 {
|
||||
page-break-inside: avoid;
|
||||
page-break-after: avoid;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
pre, code {
|
||||
page-break-inside: avoid;
|
||||
white-space: pre-wrap;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.fa {
|
||||
display: none !important;
|
||||
}
|
||||
@@ -1,253 +0,0 @@
|
||||
|
||||
/* Globals */
|
||||
|
||||
:root {
|
||||
--sidebar-width: 300px;
|
||||
--page-padding: 15px;
|
||||
--content-max-width: 750px;
|
||||
--menu-bar-height: 50px;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* Themes */
|
||||
|
||||
.ayu {
|
||||
--bg: hsl(210, 25%, 8%);
|
||||
--fg: #c5c5c5;
|
||||
|
||||
--sidebar-bg: #14191f;
|
||||
--sidebar-fg: #c8c9db;
|
||||
--sidebar-non-existant: #5c6773;
|
||||
--sidebar-active: #ffb454;
|
||||
--sidebar-spacer: #2d334f;
|
||||
|
||||
--scrollbar: var(--sidebar-fg);
|
||||
|
||||
--icons: #737480;
|
||||
--icons-hover: #b7b9cc;
|
||||
|
||||
--links: #0096cf;
|
||||
|
||||
--inline-code-color: #ffb454;
|
||||
|
||||
--theme-popup-bg: #14191f;
|
||||
--theme-popup-border: #5c6773;
|
||||
--theme-hover: #191f26;
|
||||
|
||||
--quote-bg: hsl(226, 15%, 17%);
|
||||
--quote-border: hsl(226, 15%, 22%);
|
||||
|
||||
--table-border-color: hsl(210, 25%, 13%);
|
||||
--table-header-bg: hsl(210, 25%, 28%);
|
||||
--table-alternate-bg: hsl(210, 25%, 11%);
|
||||
|
||||
--searchbar-border-color: #848484;
|
||||
--searchbar-bg: #424242;
|
||||
--searchbar-fg: #fff;
|
||||
--searchbar-shadow-color: #d4c89f;
|
||||
--searchresults-header-fg: #666;
|
||||
--searchresults-border-color: #888;
|
||||
--searchresults-li-bg: #252932;
|
||||
--search-mark-bg: #e3b171;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.coal {
|
||||
--bg: hsl(200, 7%, 8%);
|
||||
--fg: #98a3ad;
|
||||
|
||||
--sidebar-bg: #292c2f;
|
||||
--sidebar-fg: #a1adb8;
|
||||
--sidebar-non-existant: #505254;
|
||||
--sidebar-active: #3473ad;
|
||||
--sidebar-spacer: #393939;
|
||||
|
||||
--scrollbar: var(--sidebar-fg);
|
||||
|
||||
--icons: #43484d;
|
||||
--icons-hover: #b3c0cc;
|
||||
|
||||
--links: #2b79a2;
|
||||
|
||||
--inline-code-color: #c5c8c6;;
|
||||
|
||||
--theme-popup-bg: #141617;
|
||||
--theme-popup-border: #43484d;
|
||||
--theme-hover: #1f2124;
|
||||
|
||||
--quote-bg: hsl(234, 21%, 18%);
|
||||
--quote-border: hsl(234, 21%, 23%);
|
||||
|
||||
--table-border-color: hsl(200, 7%, 13%);
|
||||
--table-header-bg: hsl(200, 7%, 28%);
|
||||
--table-alternate-bg: hsl(200, 7%, 11%);
|
||||
|
||||
--searchbar-border-color: #aaa;
|
||||
--searchbar-bg: #b7b7b7;
|
||||
--searchbar-fg: #000;
|
||||
--searchbar-shadow-color: #aaa;
|
||||
--searchresults-header-fg: #666;
|
||||
--searchresults-border-color: #98a3ad;
|
||||
--searchresults-li-bg: #2b2b2f;
|
||||
--search-mark-bg: #355c7d;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.light {
|
||||
--bg: hsl(0, 0%, 100%);
|
||||
--fg: #333333;
|
||||
|
||||
--sidebar-bg: #fafafa;
|
||||
--sidebar-fg: #364149;
|
||||
--sidebar-non-existant: #aaaaaa;
|
||||
--sidebar-active: #008cff;
|
||||
--sidebar-spacer: #f4f4f4;
|
||||
|
||||
--scrollbar: #cccccc;
|
||||
|
||||
--icons: #cccccc;
|
||||
--icons-hover: #333333;
|
||||
|
||||
--links: #4183c4;
|
||||
|
||||
--inline-code-color: #6e6b5e;
|
||||
|
||||
--theme-popup-bg: #fafafa;
|
||||
--theme-popup-border: #cccccc;
|
||||
--theme-hover: #e6e6e6;
|
||||
|
||||
--quote-bg: hsl(197, 37%, 96%);
|
||||
--quote-border: hsl(197, 37%, 91%);
|
||||
|
||||
--table-border-color: hsl(0, 0%, 95%);
|
||||
--table-header-bg: hsl(0, 0%, 80%);
|
||||
--table-alternate-bg: hsl(0, 0%, 97%);
|
||||
|
||||
--searchbar-border-color: #aaa;
|
||||
--searchbar-bg: #fafafa;
|
||||
--searchbar-fg: #000;
|
||||
--searchbar-shadow-color: #aaa;
|
||||
--searchresults-header-fg: #666;
|
||||
--searchresults-border-color: #888;
|
||||
--searchresults-li-bg: #e4f2fe;
|
||||
--search-mark-bg: #a2cff5;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.navy {
|
||||
--bg: hsl(226, 23%, 11%);
|
||||
--fg: #bcbdd0;
|
||||
|
||||
--sidebar-bg: #282d3f;
|
||||
--sidebar-fg: #c8c9db;
|
||||
--sidebar-non-existant: #505274;
|
||||
--sidebar-active: #2b79a2;
|
||||
--sidebar-spacer: #2d334f;
|
||||
|
||||
--scrollbar: var(--sidebar-fg);
|
||||
|
||||
--icons: #737480;
|
||||
--icons-hover: #b7b9cc;
|
||||
|
||||
--links: #2b79a2;
|
||||
|
||||
--inline-code-color: #c5c8c6;;
|
||||
|
||||
--theme-popup-bg: #161923;
|
||||
--theme-popup-border: #737480;
|
||||
--theme-hover: #282e40;
|
||||
|
||||
--quote-bg: hsl(226, 15%, 17%);
|
||||
--quote-border: hsl(226, 15%, 22%);
|
||||
|
||||
--table-border-color: hsl(226, 23%, 16%);
|
||||
--table-header-bg: hsl(226, 23%, 31%);
|
||||
--table-alternate-bg: hsl(226, 23%, 14%);
|
||||
|
||||
--searchbar-border-color: #aaa;
|
||||
--searchbar-bg: #aeaec6;
|
||||
--searchbar-fg: #000;
|
||||
--searchbar-shadow-color: #aaa;
|
||||
--searchresults-header-fg: #5f5f71;
|
||||
--searchresults-border-color: #5c5c68;
|
||||
--searchresults-li-bg: #242430;
|
||||
--search-mark-bg: #a2cff5;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.rust {
|
||||
--bg: hsl(60, 9%, 87%);
|
||||
--fg: #262625;
|
||||
|
||||
--sidebar-bg: #3b2e2a;
|
||||
--sidebar-fg: #c8c9db;
|
||||
--sidebar-non-existant: #505254;
|
||||
--sidebar-active: #e69f67;
|
||||
--sidebar-spacer: #45373a;
|
||||
|
||||
--scrollbar: var(--sidebar-fg);
|
||||
|
||||
--icons: #737480;
|
||||
--icons-hover: #262625;
|
||||
|
||||
--links: #2b79a2;
|
||||
|
||||
--inline-code-color: #6e6b5e;
|
||||
|
||||
--theme-popup-bg: #e1e1db;
|
||||
--theme-popup-border: #b38f6b;
|
||||
--theme-hover: #99908a;
|
||||
|
||||
--quote-bg: hsl(60, 5%, 75%);
|
||||
--quote-border: hsl(60, 5%, 70%);
|
||||
|
||||
--table-border-color: hsl(60, 9%, 82%);
|
||||
--table-header-bg: #b3a497;
|
||||
--table-alternate-bg: hsl(60, 9%, 84%);
|
||||
|
||||
--searchbar-border-color: #aaa;
|
||||
--searchbar-bg: #fafafa;
|
||||
--searchbar-fg: #000;
|
||||
--searchbar-shadow-color: #aaa;
|
||||
--searchresults-header-fg: #666;
|
||||
--searchresults-border-color: #888;
|
||||
--searchresults-li-bg: #dec2a2;
|
||||
--search-mark-bg: #e69f67;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
@media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {
|
||||
.light.no-js {
|
||||
--bg: hsl(200, 7%, 8%);
|
||||
--fg: #98a3ad;
|
||||
|
||||
--sidebar-bg: #292c2f;
|
||||
--sidebar-fg: #a1adb8;
|
||||
--sidebar-non-existant: #505254;
|
||||
--sidebar-active: #3473ad;
|
||||
--sidebar-spacer: #393939;
|
||||
|
||||
--scrollbar: var(--sidebar-fg);
|
||||
|
||||
--icons: #43484d;
|
||||
--icons-hover: #b3c0cc;
|
||||
|
||||
--links: #2b79a2;
|
||||
|
||||
--inline-code-color: #c5c8c6;;
|
||||
|
||||
--theme-popup-bg: #141617;
|
||||
--theme-popup-border: #43484d;
|
||||
--theme-hover: #1f2124;
|
||||
|
||||
--quote-bg: hsl(234, 21%, 18%);
|
||||
--quote-border: hsl(234, 21%, 23%);
|
||||
|
||||
--table-border-color: hsl(200, 7%, 13%);
|
||||
--table-header-bg: hsl(200, 7%, 28%);
|
||||
--table-alternate-bg: hsl(200, 7%, 11%);
|
||||
|
||||
--searchbar-border-color: #aaa;
|
||||
--searchbar-bg: #b7b7b7;
|
||||
--searchbar-fg: #000;
|
||||
--searchbar-shadow-color: #aaa;
|
||||
--searchresults-header-fg: #666;
|
||||
--searchresults-border-color: #98a3ad;
|
||||
--searchresults-li-bg: #2b2b2f;
|
||||
--search-mark-bg: #355c7d;
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
@@ -1,29 +0,0 @@
|
||||
"use strict";
|
||||
window.editors = [];
|
||||
(function(editors) {
|
||||
if (typeof(ace) === 'undefined' || !ace) {
|
||||
return;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
Array.from(document.querySelectorAll('.editable')).forEach(function(editable) {
|
||||
let display_line_numbers = window.playpen_line_numbers || false;
|
||||
|
||||
let editor = ace.edit(editable);
|
||||
editor.setOptions({
|
||||
highlightActiveLine: false,
|
||||
showPrintMargin: false,
|
||||
showLineNumbers: display_line_numbers,
|
||||
showGutter: display_line_numbers,
|
||||
maxLines: Infinity,
|
||||
fontSize: "0.875em" // please adjust the font size of the code in general.css
|
||||
});
|
||||
|
||||
editor.$blockScrolling = Infinity;
|
||||
|
||||
editor.getSession().setMode("ace/mode/rust");
|
||||
|
||||
editor.originalCode = editor.getValue();
|
||||
|
||||
editors.push(editor);
|
||||
});
|
||||
})(window.editors);
|
||||
10
book/elasticlunr.min.js
vendored
10
book/elasticlunr.min.js
vendored
File diff suppressed because one or more lines are too long
BIN
book/favicon.png
BIN
book/favicon.png
Binary file not shown.
|
Before Width: | Height: | Size: 5.5 KiB |
@@ -180,6 +180,21 @@
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- Livereload script (if served using the cli tool) -->
|
||||
<script type="text/javascript">
|
||||
var socket = new WebSocket("ws://localhost:3001");
|
||||
socket.onmessage = function (event) {
|
||||
if (event.data === "reload") {
|
||||
socket.close();
|
||||
location.reload(true); // force reload from server (not from cache)
|
||||
}
|
||||
};
|
||||
|
||||
window.onbeforeunload = function() {
|
||||
socket.close();
|
||||
}
|
||||
</script>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
356
book/print.html
356
book/print.html
@@ -152,20 +152,22 @@
|
||||
<main>
|
||||
<h1><a class="header" href="#introduction" id="introduction">Introduction</a></h1>
|
||||
<h1><a class="header" href="#some-background-information" id="some-background-information">Some background information</a></h1>
|
||||
<p>Before we start implementing our <code>Futures</code>, we'll go through some background
|
||||
<p>Before we start implementing our <code>Futures</code> , we'll go through some background
|
||||
information that will help demystify some of the concepts we encounter.</p>
|
||||
<h2><a class="header" href="#concurrency-in-general" id="concurrency-in-general">Concurrency in general</a></h2>
|
||||
<p>If you find the concepts of concurrency and async programming confusing in
|
||||
general, I know where you're coming from and I have written some resources to
|
||||
try to give a high level overview that will make it easier to learn Rusts
|
||||
<code>Futures</code> afterwards:</p>
|
||||
<p><a href="https://cfsamson.github.io/book-exploring-async-basics/1_concurrent_vs_parallel.html">Async Basics - The difference between concurrency and parallelism</a>
|
||||
<a href="https://cfsamson.github.io/book-exploring-async-basics/2_async_history.html">Async Basics - Async history</a>
|
||||
<a href="https://cfsamson.github.io/book-exploring-async-basics/5_strategies_for_handling_io.html">Async Basics - Strategies for handling I/O</a>
|
||||
<a href="https://cfsamson.github.io/book-exploring-async-basics/6_epoll_kqueue_iocp.html">Async Basics - Epoll, Kqueue and IOCP</a></p>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://cfsamson.github.io/book-exploring-async-basics/1_concurrent_vs_parallel.html">Async Basics - The difference between concurrency and parallelism</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://cfsamson.github.io/book-exploring-async-basics/2_async_history.html">Async Basics - Async history</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://cfsamson.github.io/book-exploring-async-basics/5_strategies_for_handling_io.html">Async Basics - Strategies for handling I/O</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://cfsamson.github.io/book-exploring-async-basics/6_epoll_kqueue_iocp.html">Async Basics - Epoll, Kqueue and IOCP</a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<h2><a class="header" href="#trait-objects-and-dynamic-dispatch" id="trait-objects-and-dynamic-dispatch">Trait objects and dynamic dispatch</a></h2>
|
||||
<p>The single most confusing topic we encounter when implementing our own <code>Futures</code>
|
||||
is how we implement a <code>Waker</code>. Creating a <code>Waker</code> involves creating a <code>vtable</code>
|
||||
<p>The single most confusing topic we encounter when implementing our own <code>Futures</code>
|
||||
is how we implement a <code>Waker</code> . Creating a <code>Waker</code> involves creating a <code>vtable</code>
|
||||
which allows using dynamic dispatch to call methods on a <em>type erased</em> trait
|
||||
object we construct our selves.</p>
|
||||
<p>If you want to know more about dynamic dispatch in Rust I can recommend this article:</p>
|
||||
@@ -193,16 +195,14 @@ fn main() {
|
||||
Most are 8 bytes (which is a pointer size on 64 bit systems), but some are 16
|
||||
bytes.</p>
|
||||
<p>The 16 byte sized pointers are called "fat pointers" since they carry more extra
|
||||
information. </p>
|
||||
<p><strong>In the case of <code>&[i32]</code>:</strong> </p>
|
||||
information.</p>
|
||||
<p><strong>In the case of <code>&[i32]</code> :</strong> </p>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<p>The first 8 bytes is the actual pointer to the first element in the array
|
||||
(or part of an array the slice refers to)</p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<p>The second 8 bytes is the length of the slice.</p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li>The first 8 bytes is the actual pointer to the first element in the array</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<p>(or part of an array the slice refers to)</p>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li>The second 8 bytes is the length of the slice.</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<p>The one we'll concern ourselves about is the references to traits, or
|
||||
<em>trait objects</em> as they're called in Rust.</p>
|
||||
@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ except that it implements the methods defined by our trait. To allow this we use
|
||||
dynamic dispatch.</p>
|
||||
<p>Let's explain this in code instead of words by implementing our own trait
|
||||
object from these parts:</p>
|
||||
<pre><pre class="playpen"><code class="language-rust editable">// A reference to a trait object is a fat pointer: (data_ptr, vtable_ptr)
|
||||
<pre><pre class="playpen"><code class="language-rust">// A reference to a trait object is a fat pointer: (data_ptr, vtable_ptr)
|
||||
trait Test {
|
||||
fn add(&self) -> i32;
|
||||
fn sub(&self) -> i32;
|
||||
@@ -278,14 +278,319 @@ fn main() {
|
||||
|
||||
</code></pre></pre>
|
||||
<p>If you run this code by pressing the "play" button at the top you'll se it
|
||||
outputs just what we expect. </p>
|
||||
outputs just what we expect.</p>
|
||||
<p>This code example is editable so you can change it
|
||||
and run it to see what happens.</p>
|
||||
<p>The reason we go through this will be clear later on when we implement our own
|
||||
<code>Waker</code> we'll actually set up a <code>vtable</code> like we do here to and knowing what
|
||||
it is will make this much less mysterious.</p>
|
||||
<h2><a class="header" href="#reactorexecutor-pattern" id="reactorexecutor-pattern">Reactor/Executor pattern</a></h2>
|
||||
<p>If you don't know what this is, you should take a few minutes and read about
|
||||
it. You will encounter the term <code>Reactor</code> and <code>Executor</code> a lot when working
|
||||
with async code in Rust.</p>
|
||||
<p>I have written a quick introduction explaining this pattern before which you
|
||||
can take a look at here:</p>
|
||||
<p><a href="https://cfsamsonbooks.gitbook.io/epoll-kqueue-iocp-explained/appendix-1/reactor-executor-pattern"><img src="./assets/reactorexecutor.png" alt="homepage" /></a></p>
|
||||
<div style="text-align:center">
|
||||
<a href="https://cfsamsonbooks.gitbook.io/epoll-kqueue-iocp-explained/appendix-1/reactor-executor-pattern">Epoll, Kqueue and IOCP Explained - The Reactor-Executor Pattern</a>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<p>I'll re-iterate the most important parts here.</p>
|
||||
<p>This pattern consists of at least 2 parts:</p>
|
||||
<ol>
|
||||
<li>A reactor
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li>handles some kind of event queue</li>
|
||||
<li>has the responsibility of respoonding to events</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li>An executor
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li>Often has a scheduler</li>
|
||||
<li>Holds a set of suspended tasks, and has the responsibility of resuming
|
||||
them when an event has occurred</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li>The concept of a task
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li>A set of operations that can be stopped half way and resumed later on</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
</ol>
|
||||
<p>This is a pattern not only used in Rust, but it's very popular in Rust due to
|
||||
how well it separates concerns between handling and scheduling tasks, and queing
|
||||
and responding to I/O events.</p>
|
||||
<p>The only thing Rust as a language defines is the <em>task</em>. In Rust we call an
|
||||
incorruptible task a <code>Future</code>. Futures has a well defined interface, which means
|
||||
they can be used across the entire ecosystem.</p>
|
||||
<p>In addition, Rust provides a way for the Reactor and Executor to communicate
|
||||
through the <code>Waker</code>. We'll get to know these in the following chapters.</p>
|
||||
<p>Providing these pieces let's Rust take care a lot of the ergonomic "friction"
|
||||
programmers meet when faced with async code, and still not dictate any
|
||||
preferred runtime to actually do the scheduling and I/O queues.</p>
|
||||
<p>It's important to know that Rust doesn't provide a runtime, so you have to choose
|
||||
one. <a href="https://github.com/async-rs/async-std">async std</a> and <a href="">tokio</a> are two popular ones.</p>
|
||||
<p>With that out of the way, let's move on to our main example.</p>
|
||||
<h1><a class="header" href="#naive-example" id="naive-example">Naive example</a></h1>
|
||||
<pre><pre class="playpen"><code class="language-rust">use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicUsize, Ordering};
|
||||
use std::sync::mpsc::{channel, Sender};
|
||||
use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
|
||||
use std::thread::{self, JoinHandle};
|
||||
use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
|
||||
|
||||
fn main() {
|
||||
let readylist = Arc::new(Mutex::new(vec![]));
|
||||
let mut reactor = Reactor::new();
|
||||
|
||||
let mywaker = MyWaker::new(1, thread::current(), readylist.clone());
|
||||
reactor.register(2, mywaker);
|
||||
|
||||
let mywaker = MyWaker::new(2, thread::current(), readylist.clone());
|
||||
reactor.register(2, mywaker);
|
||||
|
||||
executor_run(reactor, readylist);
|
||||
}
|
||||
// ====== EXECUTOR ======
|
||||
fn executor_run(mut reactor: Reactor, rl: Arc<Mutex<Vec<usize>>>) {
|
||||
let start = Instant::now();
|
||||
loop {
|
||||
let mut rl_locked = rl.lock().unwrap();
|
||||
while let Some(event) = rl_locked.pop() {
|
||||
let dur = (Instant::now() - start).as_secs_f32();
|
||||
println!("Event {} just happened at time: {:.2}.", event, dur);
|
||||
reactor.outstanding.fetch_sub(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
|
||||
}
|
||||
drop(rl_locked);
|
||||
|
||||
if reactor.outstanding.load(Ordering::Relaxed) == 0 {
|
||||
reactor.close();
|
||||
break;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
thread::park();
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// ====== "FUTURE" IMPL ======
|
||||
#[derive(Debug)]
|
||||
struct MyWaker {
|
||||
id: usize,
|
||||
thread: thread::Thread,
|
||||
readylist: Arc<Mutex<Vec<usize>>>,
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
impl MyWaker {
|
||||
fn new(id: usize, thread: thread::Thread, readylist: Arc<Mutex<Vec<usize>>>) -> Self {
|
||||
MyWaker {
|
||||
id,
|
||||
thread,
|
||||
readylist,
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
fn wake(&self) {
|
||||
self.readylist.lock().map(|mut rl| rl.push(self.id)).unwrap();
|
||||
self.thread.unpark();
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
|
||||
pub struct Task {
|
||||
id: usize,
|
||||
pending: bool,
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// ===== REACTOR =====
|
||||
struct Reactor {
|
||||
dispatcher: Sender<Event>,
|
||||
handle: Option<JoinHandle<()>>,
|
||||
outstanding: AtomicUsize,
|
||||
}
|
||||
#[derive(Debug)]
|
||||
enum Event {
|
||||
Close,
|
||||
Simple(MyWaker, u64),
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
impl Reactor {
|
||||
fn new() -> Self {
|
||||
let (tx, rx) = channel::<Event>();
|
||||
let mut handles = vec![];
|
||||
let handle = thread::spawn(move || {
|
||||
// This simulates some I/O resource
|
||||
for event in rx {
|
||||
match event {
|
||||
Event::Close => break,
|
||||
Event::Simple(mywaker, duration) => {
|
||||
let event_handle = thread::spawn(move || {
|
||||
thread::sleep(Duration::from_secs(duration));
|
||||
mywaker.wake();
|
||||
});
|
||||
handles.push(event_handle);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
for handle in handles {
|
||||
handle.join().unwrap();
|
||||
}
|
||||
});
|
||||
|
||||
Reactor {
|
||||
dispatcher: tx,
|
||||
handle: Some(handle),
|
||||
outstanding: AtomicUsize::new(0),
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
fn register(&mut self, duration: u64, mywaker: MyWaker) {
|
||||
self.dispatcher
|
||||
.send(Event::Simple(mywaker, duration))
|
||||
.unwrap();
|
||||
self.outstanding.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
fn close(&mut self) {
|
||||
self.dispatcher.send(Event::Close).unwrap();
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
impl Drop for Reactor {
|
||||
fn drop(&mut self) {
|
||||
self.handle.take().map(|h| h.join().unwrap()).unwrap();
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
</code></pre></pre>
|
||||
<pre><pre class="playpen"><code class="language-rust editable">use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicUsize, Ordering};
|
||||
use std::sync::mpsc::{channel, Sender};
|
||||
use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
|
||||
use std::thread::{self, JoinHandle};
|
||||
use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
|
||||
|
||||
fn main() {
|
||||
let readylist = Arc::new(Mutex::new(vec![]));
|
||||
let mut reactor = Reactor::new();
|
||||
|
||||
let mywaker = MyWaker::new(1, thread::current(), readylist.clone());
|
||||
reactor.register(2, mywaker);
|
||||
|
||||
let mywaker = MyWaker::new(2, thread::current(), readylist.clone());
|
||||
reactor.register(2, mywaker);
|
||||
|
||||
executor_run(reactor, readylist);
|
||||
}
|
||||
<span class="boring">// ====== EXECUTOR ======
|
||||
</span><span class="boring">fn executor_run(mut reactor: Reactor, rl: Arc<Mutex<Vec<usize>>>) {
|
||||
</span><span class="boring"> let start = Instant::now();
|
||||
</span><span class="boring"> loop {
|
||||
</span><span class="boring"> let mut rl_locked = rl.lock().unwrap();
|
||||
</span><span class="boring"> while let Some(event) = rl_locked.pop() {
|
||||
</span><span class="boring"> let dur = (Instant::now() - start).as_secs_f32();
|
||||
</span><span class="boring"> println!("Event {} just happened at time: {:.2}.", event, dur);
|
||||
</span><span class="boring"> reactor.outstanding.fetch_sub(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
|
||||
</span><span class="boring"> }
|
||||
</span><span class="boring"> drop(rl_locked);
|
||||
</span><span class="boring">
|
||||
</span><span class="boring"> if reactor.outstanding.load(Ordering::Relaxed) == 0 {
|
||||
</span><span class="boring"> reactor.close();
|
||||
</span><span class="boring"> break;
|
||||
</span><span class="boring"> }
|
||||
</span><span class="boring">
|
||||
</span><span class="boring"> thread::park();
|
||||
</span><span class="boring"> }
|
||||
</span><span class="boring">}
|
||||
</span><span class="boring">
|
||||
</span><span class="boring">// ====== "FUTURE" IMPL ======
|
||||
</span><span class="boring">#[derive(Debug)]
|
||||
</span><span class="boring">struct MyWaker {
|
||||
</span><span class="boring"> id: usize,
|
||||
</span><span class="boring"> thread: thread::Thread,
|
||||
</span><span class="boring"> readylist: Arc<Mutex<Vec<usize>>>,
|
||||
</span><span class="boring">}
|
||||
</span><span class="boring">
|
||||
</span><span class="boring">impl MyWaker {
|
||||
</span><span class="boring"> fn new(id: usize, thread: thread::Thread, readylist: Arc<Mutex<Vec<usize>>>) -> Self {
|
||||
</span><span class="boring"> MyWaker {
|
||||
</span><span class="boring"> id,
|
||||
</span><span class="boring"> thread,
|
||||
</span><span class="boring"> readylist,
|
||||
</span><span class="boring"> }
|
||||
</span><span class="boring"> }
|
||||
</span><span class="boring">
|
||||
</span><span class="boring"> fn wake(&self) {
|
||||
</span><span class="boring"> self.readylist.lock().map(|mut rl| rl.push(self.id)).unwrap();
|
||||
</span><span class="boring"> self.thread.unpark();
|
||||
</span><span class="boring"> }
|
||||
</span><span class="boring">}
|
||||
</span><span class="boring">
|
||||
</span><span class="boring">
|
||||
</span><span class="boring">#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
|
||||
</span><span class="boring">pub struct Task {
|
||||
</span><span class="boring"> id: usize,
|
||||
</span><span class="boring"> pending: bool,
|
||||
</span><span class="boring">}
|
||||
</span><span class="boring">
|
||||
</span><span class="boring">// ===== REACTOR =====
|
||||
</span><span class="boring">struct Reactor {
|
||||
</span><span class="boring"> dispatcher: Sender<Event>,
|
||||
</span><span class="boring"> handle: Option<JoinHandle<()>>,
|
||||
</span><span class="boring"> outstanding: AtomicUsize,
|
||||
</span><span class="boring">}
|
||||
</span><span class="boring">#[derive(Debug)]
|
||||
</span><span class="boring">enum Event {
|
||||
</span><span class="boring"> Close,
|
||||
</span><span class="boring"> Simple(MyWaker, u64),
|
||||
</span><span class="boring">}
|
||||
</span><span class="boring">
|
||||
</span><span class="boring">impl Reactor {
|
||||
</span><span class="boring"> fn new() -> Self {
|
||||
</span><span class="boring"> let (tx, rx) = channel::<Event>();
|
||||
</span><span class="boring"> let mut handles = vec![];
|
||||
</span><span class="boring"> let handle = thread::spawn(move || {
|
||||
</span><span class="boring"> // This simulates some I/O resource
|
||||
</span><span class="boring"> for event in rx {
|
||||
</span><span class="boring"> match event {
|
||||
</span><span class="boring"> Event::Close => break,
|
||||
</span><span class="boring"> Event::Simple(mywaker, duration) => {
|
||||
</span><span class="boring"> let event_handle = thread::spawn(move || {
|
||||
</span><span class="boring"> thread::sleep(Duration::from_secs(duration));
|
||||
</span><span class="boring"> mywaker.wake();
|
||||
</span><span class="boring"> });
|
||||
</span><span class="boring"> handles.push(event_handle);
|
||||
</span><span class="boring"> }
|
||||
</span><span class="boring"> }
|
||||
</span><span class="boring"> }
|
||||
</span><span class="boring">
|
||||
</span><span class="boring"> for handle in handles {
|
||||
</span><span class="boring"> handle.join().unwrap();
|
||||
</span><span class="boring"> }
|
||||
</span><span class="boring"> });
|
||||
</span><span class="boring">
|
||||
</span><span class="boring"> Reactor {
|
||||
</span><span class="boring"> dispatcher: tx,
|
||||
</span><span class="boring"> handle: Some(handle),
|
||||
</span><span class="boring"> outstanding: AtomicUsize::new(0),
|
||||
</span><span class="boring"> }
|
||||
</span><span class="boring"> }
|
||||
</span><span class="boring">
|
||||
</span><span class="boring"> fn register(&mut self, duration: u64, mywaker: MyWaker) {
|
||||
</span><span class="boring"> self.dispatcher
|
||||
</span><span class="boring"> .send(Event::Simple(mywaker, duration))
|
||||
</span><span class="boring"> .unwrap();
|
||||
</span><span class="boring"> self.outstanding.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
|
||||
</span><span class="boring"> }
|
||||
</span><span class="boring">
|
||||
</span><span class="boring"> fn close(&mut self) {
|
||||
</span><span class="boring"> self.dispatcher.send(Event::Close).unwrap();
|
||||
</span><span class="boring"> }
|
||||
</span><span class="boring">}
|
||||
</span><span class="boring">
|
||||
</span><span class="boring">impl Drop for Reactor {
|
||||
</span><span class="boring"> fn drop(&mut self) {
|
||||
</span><span class="boring"> self.handle.take().map(|h| h.join().unwrap()).unwrap();
|
||||
</span><span class="boring"> }
|
||||
</span><span class="boring">}
|
||||
</span></code></pre></pre>
|
||||
<h1><a class="header" href="#proper-waker" id="proper-waker">Proper Waker</a></h1>
|
||||
<h1><a class="header" href="#proper-future" id="proper-future">Proper Future</a></h1>
|
||||
<h1><a class="header" href="#supporting-asyncawait" id="supporting-asyncawait">Supporting async/await</a></h1>
|
||||
@@ -313,6 +618,21 @@ it is will make this much less mysterious.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- Livereload script (if served using the cli tool) -->
|
||||
<script type="text/javascript">
|
||||
var socket = new WebSocket("ws://localhost:3001");
|
||||
socket.onmessage = function (event) {
|
||||
if (event.data === "reload") {
|
||||
socket.close();
|
||||
location.reload(true); // force reload from server (not from cache)
|
||||
}
|
||||
};
|
||||
|
||||
window.onbeforeunload = function() {
|
||||
socket.close();
|
||||
}
|
||||
</script>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
File diff suppressed because one or more lines are too long
File diff suppressed because one or more lines are too long
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
|
||||
# Some background information
|
||||
|
||||
Before we start implementing our `Futures`, we'll go through some background
|
||||
Before we start implementing our `Futures` , we'll go through some background
|
||||
information that will help demystify some of the concepts we encounter.
|
||||
|
||||
## Concurrency in general
|
||||
@@ -10,15 +10,15 @@ general, I know where you're coming from and I have written some resources to
|
||||
try to give a high level overview that will make it easier to learn Rusts
|
||||
`Futures` afterwards:
|
||||
|
||||
[Async Basics - The difference between concurrency and parallelism](https://cfsamson.github.io/book-exploring-async-basics/1_concurrent_vs_parallel.html)
|
||||
[Async Basics - Async history](https://cfsamson.github.io/book-exploring-async-basics/2_async_history.html)
|
||||
[Async Basics - Strategies for handling I/O](https://cfsamson.github.io/book-exploring-async-basics/5_strategies_for_handling_io.html)
|
||||
[Async Basics - Epoll, Kqueue and IOCP](https://cfsamson.github.io/book-exploring-async-basics/6_epoll_kqueue_iocp.html)
|
||||
* [Async Basics - The difference between concurrency and parallelism](https://cfsamson.github.io/book-exploring-async-basics/1_concurrent_vs_parallel.html)
|
||||
* [Async Basics - Async history](https://cfsamson.github.io/book-exploring-async-basics/2_async_history.html)
|
||||
* [Async Basics - Strategies for handling I/O](https://cfsamson.github.io/book-exploring-async-basics/5_strategies_for_handling_io.html)
|
||||
* [Async Basics - Epoll, Kqueue and IOCP](https://cfsamson.github.io/book-exploring-async-basics/6_epoll_kqueue_iocp.html)
|
||||
|
||||
## Trait objects and dynamic dispatch
|
||||
|
||||
The single most confusing topic we encounter when implementing our own `Futures`
|
||||
is how we implement a `Waker`. Creating a `Waker` involves creating a `vtable`
|
||||
The single most confusing topic we encounter when implementing our own `Futures`
|
||||
is how we implement a `Waker` . Creating a `Waker` involves creating a `vtable`
|
||||
which allows using dynamic dispatch to call methods on a _type erased_ trait
|
||||
object we construct our selves.
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -26,7 +26,6 @@ If you want to know more about dynamic dispatch in Rust I can recommend this art
|
||||
|
||||
https://alschwalm.com/blog/static/2017/03/07/exploring-dynamic-dispatch-in-rust/
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Let's explain this a bit more in detail.
|
||||
|
||||
## Fat pointers in Rust
|
||||
@@ -34,7 +33,7 @@ Let's explain this a bit more in detail.
|
||||
Let's take a look at the size of some different pointer types in Rust. If we
|
||||
run the following code:
|
||||
|
||||
```rust
|
||||
``` rust
|
||||
# use std::mem::size_of;
|
||||
trait SomeTrait { }
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -56,24 +55,25 @@ Most are 8 bytes (which is a pointer size on 64 bit systems), but some are 16
|
||||
bytes.
|
||||
|
||||
The 16 byte sized pointers are called "fat pointers" since they carry more extra
|
||||
information.
|
||||
information.
|
||||
|
||||
**In the case of `&[i32]`:**
|
||||
**In the case of `&[i32]` :**
|
||||
|
||||
* The first 8 bytes is the actual pointer to the first element in the array
|
||||
|
||||
- The first 8 bytes is the actual pointer to the first element in the array
|
||||
(or part of an array the slice refers to)
|
||||
|
||||
- The second 8 bytes is the length of the slice.
|
||||
* The second 8 bytes is the length of the slice.
|
||||
|
||||
The one we'll concern ourselves about is the references to traits, or
|
||||
_trait objects_ as they're called in Rust.
|
||||
|
||||
`&dyn SomeTrait` is an example of a _trait object_
|
||||
`&dyn SomeTrait` is an example of a _trait object_
|
||||
|
||||
The layout for a pointer to a _trait object_ looks like this:
|
||||
|
||||
- The first 8 bytes points to the `data` for the trait object
|
||||
- The second 8 bytes points to the `vtable` for the trait object
|
||||
* The first 8 bytes points to the `data` for the trait object
|
||||
* The second 8 bytes points to the `vtable` for the trait object
|
||||
|
||||
The reason for this is to allow us to refer to an object we know nothing about
|
||||
except that it implements the methods defined by our trait. To allow this we use
|
||||
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ dynamic dispatch.
|
||||
Let's explain this in code instead of words by implementing our own trait
|
||||
object from these parts:
|
||||
|
||||
```rust
|
||||
``` rust
|
||||
// A reference to a trait object is a fat pointer: (data_ptr, vtable_ptr)
|
||||
trait Test {
|
||||
fn add(&self) -> i32;
|
||||
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ fn main() {
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
If you run this code by pressing the "play" button at the top you'll se it
|
||||
outputs just what we expect.
|
||||
outputs just what we expect.
|
||||
|
||||
This code example is editable so you can change it
|
||||
and run it to see what happens.
|
||||
@@ -154,4 +154,58 @@ The reason we go through this will be clear later on when we implement our own
|
||||
`Waker` we'll actually set up a `vtable` like we do here to and knowing what
|
||||
it is will make this much less mysterious.
|
||||
|
||||
With that out of the way, let's move on to our main example.
|
||||
## Reactor/Executor pattern
|
||||
|
||||
If you don't know what this is, you should take a few minutes and read about
|
||||
it. You will encounter the term `Reactor` and `Executor` a lot when working
|
||||
with async code in Rust.
|
||||
|
||||
I have written a quick introduction explaining this pattern before which you
|
||||
can take a look at here:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[![homepage][1]][2]
|
||||
|
||||
<div style="text-align:center">
|
||||
<a href="https://cfsamsonbooks.gitbook.io/epoll-kqueue-iocp-explained/appendix-1/reactor-executor-pattern">Epoll, Kqueue and IOCP Explained - The Reactor-Executor Pattern</a>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
I'll re-iterate the most important parts here.
|
||||
|
||||
This pattern consists of at least 2 parts:
|
||||
|
||||
1. A reactor
|
||||
- handles some kind of event queue
|
||||
- has the responsibility of respoonding to events
|
||||
2. An executor
|
||||
- Often has a scheduler
|
||||
- Holds a set of suspended tasks, and has the responsibility of resuming
|
||||
them when an event has occurred
|
||||
3. The concept of a task
|
||||
- A set of operations that can be stopped half way and resumed later on
|
||||
|
||||
This is a pattern not only used in Rust, but it's very popular in Rust due to
|
||||
how well it separates concerns between handling and scheduling tasks, and queing
|
||||
and responding to I/O events.
|
||||
|
||||
The only thing Rust as a language defines is the _task_. In Rust we call an
|
||||
incorruptible task a `Future`. Futures has a well defined interface, which means
|
||||
they can be used across the entire ecosystem.
|
||||
|
||||
In addition, Rust provides a way for the Reactor and Executor to communicate
|
||||
through the `Waker`. We'll get to know these in the following chapters.
|
||||
|
||||
Providing these pieces let's Rust take care a lot of the ergonomic "friction"
|
||||
programmers meet when faced with async code, and still not dictate any
|
||||
preferred runtime to actually do the scheduling and I/O queues.
|
||||
|
||||
It's important to know that Rust doesn't provide a runtime, so you have to choose
|
||||
one. [async std](https://github.com/async-rs/async-std) and [tokio](https://github.com/tokio-rs/tokio) are two popular ones.
|
||||
|
||||
With that out of the way, let's move on to our main example.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[1]: ./assets/reactorexecutor.png
|
||||
[2]: https://cfsamsonbooks.gitbook.io/epoll-kqueue-iocp-explained/appendix-1/reactor-executor-pattern
|
||||
BIN
src/assets/reactorexecutor.png
Normal file
BIN
src/assets/reactorexecutor.png
Normal file
Binary file not shown.
|
After Width: | Height: | Size: 58 KiB |
Reference in New Issue
Block a user