feat: add ml kem demo

README.md

@@ -5,7 +5,12 @@ Simple Rust Tests
 Project or files:
 ```
 .
-├── README_2.md
+├── __alloc
+│   └── zeroizing-alloc-demo
+├── __args
+│   ├── argh-test
+│   ├── clap-test
+│   └── clap-test-2
 ├── __bin
 │   ├── goblin
 │   └── object-demo
@@ -13,28 +18,37 @@ Project or files:
 │   └── zstd-demo
 ├── __concurrent
 │   ├── arc-swap
-│   ├── async-fn-resumed-after-completion
 │   ├── async_study
+│   ├── async-fn-resumed-after-completion
 │   ├── crossbeam_n_parking_lot
 │   ├── glommio
 │   ├── green-threads
 │   ├── qcell
-│   └── rayon
+│   ├── rayon
+│   └── waitgroup-demo
 ├── __cpu
 │   └── x86
 ├── __crypto
 │   ├── aegis-test
+│   ├── aes_ctr_test
 │   ├── aes_gcm_crypto
 │   ├── asn1-der-test
+│   ├── bc1-btc-address
 │   ├── btc-address
 │   ├── crypto
 │   ├── crypto2-demo
 │   ├── curve25519
 │   ├── efficient_sm2
+│   ├── eth-address
 │   ├── highwayhash
 │   ├── hmac_sha1
+│   ├── jose-test
 │   ├── jsonwebtoken
 │   ├── liboqs-rust-demo
+│   ├── ml-kem-demo
+│   ├── okta-bcrypt-issue
+│   ├── orion-demo
+│   ├── passkey-rs-demo
 │   ├── password-hash
 │   ├── pkcs8
 │   ├── pwhash
@@ -56,6 +70,7 @@ Project or files:
 │   ├── duckdb-demo
 │   ├── gluesql
 │   ├── mysqlsvr
+│   ├── native_db-demo
 │   ├── persy
 │   ├── rocksdb
 │   ├── rusqlite
@@ -65,7 +80,7 @@ Project or files:
 │   └── sqlx
 ├── __diff
 │   ├── diffy
-│   └── prettydiff
+│   ├── prettydiff
 ├── __enclave
 │   └── virt_enclave
 ├── __err
@@ -77,9 +92,9 @@ Project or files:
 ├── __ffi
 │   ├── abi_stable_crates
 │   ├── c
-│   ├── c2
 │   ├── c_export
 │   ├── c_layout
+│   ├── c2
 │   ├── calltoc
 │   ├── cpp
 │   ├── dotalib
@@ -90,7 +105,7 @@ Project or files:
 ├── __fs
 │   ├── crypt4ghfs-rust
 │   ├── fuse
-│   └── fuser
+│   ├── fuser
 ├── __gui
 │   ├── druid
 │   ├── gtk
@@ -147,7 +162,9 @@ Project or files:
 │   └── walkdir
 ├── __network
 │   ├── async-speed-limit
+│   ├── axum-demo
 │   ├── dingo
+│   ├── dns-server-tutorial
 │   ├── fetch-rs
 │   ├── fuso-socks5-test
 │   ├── html-crawl-parse
@@ -161,12 +178,14 @@ Project or files:
 │   ├── nfqueue
 │   ├── ngrok-demo
 │   ├── pcap
+│   ├── pingora-demo
 │   ├── quinn
-│   ├── rust-rawsock-demo
 │   ├── rust_tcp
+│   ├── rust-rawsock-demo
 │   ├── s2n_quic
 │   ├── socket2
 │   ├── tcp
+│   ├── tcp-connect-reset
 │   ├── tokio-kcp-demo
 │   ├── tuntapmac
 │   ├── udp_laminar
@@ -184,6 +203,7 @@ Project or files:
 │   └── tantivy
 ├── __security
 │   ├── keychain-services
+│   ├── keyring-demo
 │   ├── seckey
 │   ├── secmem-proc
 │   ├── secrets
@@ -207,10 +227,10 @@ Project or files:
 │   ├── sshrs
 │   └── xshell
 ├── __shuttle
-│   └── hatter-test
+│   ├── hatter-test
 ├── __std
-│   ├── async-fn
 │   ├── async_await
+│   ├── async-fn
 │   ├── into
 │   ├── iter
 │   ├── misc
@@ -224,7 +244,7 @@ Project or files:
 ├── __term
 │   ├── bunt
 │   ├── colored_msg
-│   ├── confy_table
+│   ├── comfy_table
 │   ├── cursive-demo
 │   ├── dialoguer-demo
 │   ├── indicatif
@@ -232,7 +252,8 @@ Project or files:
 │   ├── rustyline
 │   ├── structopt
 │   ├── tabled
-│   └── term
+│   ├── term
+│   └── tui-markup-demo
 ├── __time
 │   ├── chrono
 │   ├── humantime-demo
@@ -240,20 +261,20 @@ Project or files:
 ├── __translate
 │   └── retranslate
 ├── __wasm
-│   ├── connect.ssh
 │   ├── deno_rust_wasm_import_functions
 │   ├── deno_rust_wasm_js_sandbox
 │   ├── deno_rust_wasm_qr_decode
 │   ├── extism
 │   ├── js-wasm
+│   ├── rust-wasm-plugins-examples
 │   ├── wasi
 │   ├── wasm
 │   ├── wasmtime
 │   ├── wasmtime-serde-demo
 │   └── wit-bindgen-sample
 ├── __web
-│   ├── actix-web
 │   ├── actix_rustls
+│   ├── actix-web
 │   ├── alibabacloundfn
 │   ├── hyper_rustls
 │   ├── hyperrs
@@ -267,10 +288,10 @@ Project or files:
 │   ├── tide
 │   └── warp
 ├── build_readme.rs -> scripts/build_readme_rs/src/main.rs
+├── README_2.md
 ├── scripts
-│   └── build_readme_rs
+│   ├── build_readme_rs
 └── single_file_tests
-    ├── 99.htm
     ├── 99.rs
     ├── chain.rs
     ├── closure.rs
@@ -293,6 +314,6 @@ Project or files:
     ├── vec.rs
     └── while.rs
 
-262 directories, 40 files
+286 directories, 38 files
 ```
 

README_2.md

@@ -7,5 +7,3 @@ Projects:
 * https://github.com/tafia/hyper-proxy
 * https://github.com/rusticata/x509-parser
 
-
-

__alloc/zeroizing-alloc-demo/Cargo.lock

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
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+# It is not intended for manual editing.
+version = 4
+
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+
+[[package]]
+name = "zeroizing-alloc-demo"
+version = "0.1.0"
+dependencies = [
+ "zeroizing-alloc",
+]

__alloc/zeroizing-alloc-demo/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+[package]
+name = "zeroizing-alloc-demo"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2024"
+
+[dependencies]
+zeroizing-alloc = "0.1.0"

__alloc/zeroizing-alloc-demo/src/main.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+use zeroizing_alloc::ZeroAlloc;
+
+#[global_allocator]
+static ALLOC: ZeroAlloc<std::alloc::System> = ZeroAlloc(std::alloc::System);
+
+fn main() {
+    println!("Hello, world!");
+}

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__args/argh-test/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
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+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+
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+argh = "0.1.13"

__args/argh-test/src/main.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+use argh::FromArgs;
+
+#[derive(Debug, FromArgs)]
+/// Reach new heights.
+struct GoUp {
+    /// whether or not to jump
+    #[argh(switch, short = 'j')]
+    jump: bool,
+
+    /// how high to go
+    #[argh(option)]
+    height: usize,
+
+    /// an optional nickname for the pilot
+    #[argh(option)]
+    pilot_nickname: Option<String>,
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let up: GoUp = argh::from_env();
+    println!("{:#?}", up);
+}

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__args/clap-test-2/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+[package]
+name = "clap-test-2"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2024"
+
+[dependencies]
+clap = { version = "4.5.42", features = ["derive", "env"] }
+clap-verbosity-flag = "3"

__args/clap-test-2/src/main.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
+use clap::Parser;
+
+// https://github.com/fastn-stack/kulfi/blob/main/malai/src/main.rs
+fn main() {
+    let cli = Cli::parse();
+    println!("{:?}", cli);
+}
+
+#[derive(clap::Parser, Debug)]
+#[command(version, about, long_about = None)]
+pub struct Cli {
+    #[command(flatten)]
+    verbose: clap_verbosity_flag::Verbosity,
+
+    #[command(subcommand)]
+    pub command: Option<Command>,
+
+    // adding these two because when we run `cargo tauri dev,` it automatically passes these
+    // arguments. need to figure out why and how to disable that, till then this is a workaround
+    #[arg(default_value = "true", long, hide = true)]
+    no_default_features: bool,
+    #[arg(default_value = "auto", long, hide = true)]
+    color: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(clap::Subcommand, Debug)]
+pub enum Command {
+    // TODO: add this to the docs when we have ACL
+    // By default it allows any peer to connect to the HTTP(s) service. You can pass --what-to-do
+    // argument to specify a What To Do service that can be used to add access control."
+    #[clap(about = "Expose HTTP Service on kulfi, connect using kulfi or browser")]
+    Http {
+        port: u16,
+        #[arg(
+            long,
+            default_value = "127.0.0.1",
+            help = "Host serving the http service."
+        )]
+        host: String,
+        #[arg(
+            long,
+            default_value = "kulfi.site",
+            help = "Use this for the HTTP bridge. To run an HTTP bridge, use `malai http-bridge`",
+            env = "MALAI_HTTP_BRIDGE"
+        )]
+        bridge: String,
+        #[arg(
+            long,
+            help = "Make the exposed service public. Anyone will be able to access."
+        )]
+        public: bool,
+        // #[arg(
+        //     long,
+        //     default_value_t = false,
+        //     help = "Use this if the service is HTTPS"
+        // )]
+        // secure: bool,
+        // #[arg(
+        //     long,
+        //     help = "The What To Do Service that can be used to add access control."
+        // )]
+        // this will be the id52 of the identity server that should be consulted
+        // what_to_do: Option<String>,
+    },
+    #[clap(about = "Browse a kulfi site.")]
+    Browse {
+        #[arg(help = "The Kulfi URL to browse. Should look like kulfi://<id52>/<path>")]
+        url: String,
+    },
+    #[clap(about = "Expose TCP Service on kulfi.")]
+    Tcp {
+        port: u16,
+        #[arg(
+            long,
+            default_value = "127.0.0.1",
+            help = "Host serving the TCP service."
+        )]
+        host: String,
+        #[arg(
+            long,
+            help = "Make the exposed service public. Anyone will be able to access."
+        )]
+        public: bool,
+    },
+    #[clap(
+        about = "Run an http server that forwards requests to the given id52 taken from the HOST header"
+    )]
+    HttpBridge {
+        #[arg(
+            long,
+            short('t'),
+            help = "The id52 to which this bridge will forward incoming HTTP request. By default it forwards to every id52."
+        )]
+        proxy_target: Option<String>,
+        #[arg(
+            long,
+            short('p'),
+            help = "The port on which this bridge will listen for incoming HTTP requests. If you pass 0, it will bind to a random port.",
+            default_value = "0"
+        )]
+        port: u16,
+    },
+    #[clap(about = "Run a TCP server that forwards incoming requests to the given id52.")]
+    TcpBridge {
+        #[arg(help = "The id52 to which this bridge will forward incoming TCP request.")]
+        proxy_target: String,
+        #[arg(
+            help = "The port on which this bridge will listen for incoming TCP requests. If you pass 0, it will bind to a random port.",
+            default_value = "0"
+        )]
+        port: u16,
+    },
+    #[clap(about = "Expose a folder to kulfi network")]
+    Folder {
+        #[arg(help = "The folder to expose.")]
+        path: String,
+        #[arg(
+            long,
+            default_value = "kulfi.site",
+            help = "Use this for the HTTP bridge. To run an HTTP bridge, use `malai http-bridge`",
+            env = "MALAI_HTTP_BRIDGE"
+        )]
+        bridge: String,
+        #[arg(long, help = "Make the folder public. Anyone will be able to access.")]
+        public: bool,
+    },
+    #[clap(about = "Run all the services")]
+    Run {
+        #[arg(long, help = "Malai Home", env = "MALAI_HOME")]
+        home: Option<String>,
+    },
+    #[clap(about = "Run an iroh remote server that handles requests from http-proxy.")]
+    HttpProxyRemote {
+        #[arg(long, help = "Make the proxy public. Anyone will be able to access.")]
+        public: bool,
+    },
+    #[clap(about = "Run a http proxy server that forwards incoming requests to http-proxy-remote.")]
+    HttpProxy {
+        #[arg(help = "The id52 of remote to which this http proxy will forward request to.")]
+        remote: String,
+        #[arg(
+            help = "The port on which this proxy will listen for incoming TCP requests. If you pass 0, it will bind to a random port.",
+            default_value = "0"
+        )]
+        port: u16,
+    },
+    #[clap(about = "Generate a new identity.")]
+    Keygen {
+        #[arg(
+            long,
+            short,
+            num_args=0..=1,
+            //default_missing_value=kulfi_utils::SECRET_KEY_FILE,
+            help = "The file where the private key of the identity will be stored. If not provided, the private key will be printed to stdout."
+        )]
+        file: Option<String>,
+    },
+}

__args/clap-test/Cargo.lock

@@ -0,0 +1,237 @@
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__args/clap-test/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+[package]
+name = "clap-test"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+
+[dependencies]
+clap = { version = "4.5.23", features = ["derive"] }

__args/clap-test/src/main.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,165 @@
+use std::ffi::OsStr;
+use std::ffi::OsString;
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+
+use clap::{Args, Parser, Subcommand, ValueEnum};
+
+/// A fictional versioning CLI
+#[derive(Debug, Parser)] // requires `derive` feature
+#[command(name = "git")]
+#[command(about = "A fictional versioning CLI", long_about = None)]
+struct Cli {
+    #[command(subcommand)]
+    command: Commands,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Subcommand)]
+enum Commands {
+    /// Clones repos
+    #[command(arg_required_else_help = true)]
+    Clone {
+        /// The remote to clone
+        remote: String,
+    },
+    /// Compare two commits
+    Diff {
+        #[arg(value_name = "COMMIT")]
+        base: Option<OsString>,
+        #[arg(value_name = "COMMIT")]
+        head: Option<OsString>,
+        #[arg(last = true)]
+        path: Option<OsString>,
+        #[arg(
+            long,
+            require_equals = true,
+            value_name = "WHEN",
+            num_args = 0..=1,
+            default_value_t = ColorWhen::Auto,
+            default_missing_value = "always",
+            value_enum
+        )]
+        color: ColorWhen,
+    },
+    /// pushes things
+    #[command(arg_required_else_help = true)]
+    Push {
+        /// The remote to target
+        remote: String,
+    },
+    /// adds things
+    #[command(arg_required_else_help = true)]
+    Add {
+        /// Stuff to add
+        #[arg(required = true)]
+        path: Vec<PathBuf>,
+    },
+    Stash(StashArgs),
+    #[command(external_subcommand)]
+    External(Vec<OsString>),
+}
+
+#[derive(ValueEnum, Copy, Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+enum ColorWhen {
+    Always,
+    Auto,
+    Never,
+}
+
+impl std::fmt::Display for ColorWhen {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        self.to_possible_value()
+            .expect("no values are skipped")
+            .get_name()
+            .fmt(f)
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Args)]
+#[command(args_conflicts_with_subcommands = true)]
+#[command(flatten_help = true)]
+struct StashArgs {
+    #[command(subcommand)]
+    command: Option<StashCommands>,
+
+    #[command(flatten)]
+    push: StashPushArgs,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Subcommand)]
+enum StashCommands {
+    Push(StashPushArgs),
+    Pop { stash: Option<String> },
+    Apply { stash: Option<String> },
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Args)]
+struct StashPushArgs {
+    #[arg(short, long)]
+    message: Option<String>,
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let args = Cli::parse();
+
+    match args.command {
+        Commands::Clone { remote } => {
+            println!("Cloning {remote}");
+        }
+        Commands::Diff {
+            mut base,
+            mut head,
+            mut path,
+            color,
+        } => {
+            if path.is_none() {
+                path = head;
+                head = None;
+                if path.is_none() {
+                    path = base;
+                    base = None;
+                }
+            }
+            let base = base
+                .as_deref()
+                .map(|s| s.to_str().unwrap())
+                .unwrap_or("stage");
+            let head = head
+                .as_deref()
+                .map(|s| s.to_str().unwrap())
+                .unwrap_or("worktree");
+            let path = path.as_deref().unwrap_or_else(|| OsStr::new(""));
+            println!(
+                "Diffing {}..{} {} (color={})",
+                base,
+                head,
+                path.to_string_lossy(),
+                color
+            );
+        }
+        Commands::Push { remote } => {
+            println!("Pushing to {remote}");
+        }
+        Commands::Add { path } => {
+            println!("Adding {path:?}");
+        }
+        Commands::Stash(stash) => {
+            let stash_cmd = stash.command.unwrap_or(StashCommands::Push(stash.push));
+            match stash_cmd {
+                StashCommands::Push(push) => {
+                    println!("Pushing {push:?}");
+                }
+                StashCommands::Pop { stash } => {
+                    println!("Popping {stash:?}");
+                }
+                StashCommands::Apply { stash } => {
+                    println!("Applying {stash:?}");
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        Commands::External(args) => {
+            println!("Calling out to {:?} with {:?}", &args[0], &args[1..]);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Continued program logic goes here...
+}

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__concurrent/waitgroup-demo/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+[package]
+name = "waitgroup-demo"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+
+# See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html
+
+[dependencies]
+tokio = { version = "1.37.0", features = ["full"] }
+waitgroup = "0.1.2"

__concurrent/waitgroup-demo/src/main.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+use tokio::task::yield_now;
+use tokio::time;
+use tokio::time::Instant;
+use waitgroup::WaitGroup;
+
+#[tokio::main]
+async fn main() {
+    let wg = WaitGroup::new();
+    for i in 80..100 {
+        let w = wg.worker();
+        tokio::spawn(async move {
+            println!("Start work #{}", i);
+            time::sleep(Duration::from_millis(i * 100)).await;
+            println!("Finish work #{}", i);
+            drop(w);
+        });
+        yield_now().await;
+    }
+
+    let instant = Instant::now();
+    println!("Start waiting...");
+    wg.wait().await;
+    println!("Finish wait, elapsed: {}ms", instant.elapsed().as_millis());
+}

__crypto/aes_ctr_test/Cargo.lock

@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
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+ "cpufeatures",
+]
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__crypto/aes_ctr_test/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+[package]
+name = "aes_ctr_test"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+
+[dependencies]
+aes = "0.8.4"
+hex = "0.4.3"

__crypto/aes_ctr_test/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+
+Test Java codes:
+```java
+public class AesCtrTest {
+
+    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
+        final byte[] key = new byte[]{
+                1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1
+        };
+        final byte[] iv = new byte[]{
+                1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0
+        };
+        final SecretKeySpec keySpec = new SecretKeySpec(key, "AES");
+
+        final Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance("AES/CTR/NoPadding");
+        cipher.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, keySpec, new IvParameterSpec(iv));
+        System.out.println(Bytes.from(cipher.doFinal("hello world".getBytes())).asHex());
+        System.out.println(Bytes.from(cipher.doFinal(
+                "hello world.hello world.hello world.hello world.hello world.hello world.".getBytes())).asHex());
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+Outputs:
+```
+84ad8d80732490c061177a
+84ad8d80732490c061177a58bd26d032d6fcff2e66f9afe3cf95717485d3a4485d4a2a7bd835df3d0756b8192e3bf5a287ad8dd81942c43bc812c82d666ebbb34df4e2a5069467d9
+```
+
+<br>
+
+Java `nonce` counter:
+
+`com.sun.crypto.provider.CounterMode`
+
+```java
+private static void increment(byte[] nonce) {
+    for(int index = nonce.length - 1; index >= 0 && ++nonce[index] == 0; --index) {
+    }
+}
+```

__crypto/aes_ctr_test/src/main.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+use aes::cipher::generic_array::GenericArray;
+use aes::cipher::{Block, BlockEncryptMut, KeyInit};
+use aes::Aes128;
+
+fn main() {
+    let key = [0_u8; 16];
+    let iv = [0_u8; 16];
+
+    let plaintext = b"hello world";
+    let ciphertext = encrypt_ctr(&key, &iv, plaintext);
+    assert_eq!("0e8c27b880aa5b54fa209e", hex::encode(&ciphertext));
+
+    let plaintext = b"hello world.hello world.hello world.hello world.hello world.hello world.";
+    let ciphertext = encrypt_ctr(&key, &iv, plaintext);
+    assert_eq!("0e8c27b880aa5b54fa209e77a251474237c28ba18812544f5e1a713bcbc7323571e4bee008d3cf\
+fe9c08b5d603de9a569ff0c6c7266b2e4c8591edd1fceead8c4f22664e3c1ff0f4", hex::encode(&ciphertext));
+
+    let key = [1_u8; 16];
+    let mut iv = [0_u8; 16];
+    for i in 0..8 {
+        iv[i] = i as u8 + 1;
+    }
+    let plaintext = b"hello world.hello world.hello world.hello world.hello world.hello world.";
+    let ciphertext = encrypt_ctr(&key, &iv, plaintext);
+    assert_eq!("84ad8d80732490c061177a58bd26d032d6fcff2e66f9afe3cf95717485d3a4485d4a2a7bd835df\
+3d0756b8192e3bf5a287ad8dd81942c43bc812c82d666ebbb34df4e2a5069467d9", hex::encode(&ciphertext));
+
+    let key = [1_u8; 16];
+    let iv = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 0, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 4];
+    let plaintext = b"hello world.hello world.hello world.hello world.hello world.hello world.";
+    let ciphertext = encrypt_ctr(&key, &iv, plaintext);
+    assert_eq!("d373d6b3491c7b8940996f9efefc98d0f564d066a557cf0aa29935a638f99d077a85338e574ee6\
+7f69da41b8a87569c324b4d421f1350e11d6be30721605b9dd6401bc3780da3452", hex::encode(&ciphertext));
+
+    let key = [1_u8; 16];
+    let iv = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 0, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 4];
+    let plaintext = b"hello world.hello world.hello world.hello world.hello world.h\
+ello world.hello world.hello world.hello world.hello world.hello world.hello world.hello w\
+orld.hello world.hello world.hello world.hello world.hello world.hello world.hello world.h\
+ello world.hello world.hello world.hello world.hello world.hello world.hello world.hello w\
+orld.hello world.hello world.hello world.hello world.hello world.hello world.hello world.h\
+ello world.hello world.hello world.hello world.hello world.hello world.hello world.hello w\
+orld.hello world.hello world.hello world.hello world.hello world.hello world.hello world.h\
+ello world.hello world.hello world.hello world.hello world.hello world.hello world.hello w\
+orld.hello world.hello world.hello world.hello world.hello world.hello world.hello world.h\
+ello world.hello world.hello world.hello world.hello world.hello world.hello world.hello w\
+orld.hello world.hello world.hello world.hello world.hello world.hello world.hello world.h\
+ello world.hello world.hello world.hello world.";
+    let ciphertext = encrypt_ctr(&key, &iv, plaintext);
+    assert_eq!("d373d6b3491c7b8940996f9efefc98d0f564d066a557cf0aa29935a638f99d077a85338e574ee6\
+7f69da41b8a87569c324b4d421f1350e11d6be30721605b9dd6401bc3780da3452033164403472b0ea84a7894b\
+500100959ccc2cfbe2b6792691f1a1b047755c1961a730c7bcd941ab50b4ece7501d624d5af457875370dbc7e6\
+0e73fd6ab10b5033fb3b3e2caed7489cc02bf174a3e7f04bd1e5c81c811314689b2bb7f6f0f0333d9b3bf637ff\
+7ac34b32bc4905638204dbd97d4cefd1a823b5d49364c72d987807991eb703e47d56631f9f1a62c9f691bd3641\
+509884144fc6e1b63e8177c8e1247ccc0769cb59cd973869f2ac3dd6cb90534ee42f69995e4af48de870936d21\
+cf1b4ccd52e4bd0eafaff46dd6f34c91072ffd61f73050580b790deba9dc30d9557c4142a0dfa52b70e050a563\
+abd69e87150da9325751a58bb3e162ea3a69347684e50710ea2bd25f6c285903d7b200a56a7eb042639410da17\
+471c93e2b26b13091cc22ec81c3912a7121a1337a560d9733d904b6c6752993b2943861d3b770693281d3519fb\
+69158df2353913aebe1e6c16787b8d2ff363c1c31bb8b491cec0214bd3ef61357569c8ecf9487087e22eca48b2\
+d1c2c718ad7d3984eb7d0ca27b96653d90847ed138b581f8a01c0bea33c435e7f124f4009de059c46c006431fa\
+5cf41ad9f16e6457389f928216ebd4efd048840a4dbc80da170c666a5293209866e9371f47005a12d6dc76f7fd\
+57fc5b265cc38f4aef6e5496836d1c4c6d96b2c807997b3f61fd45f0acf505f3512ea04a0ad89cc35b344bdc3f\
+2126b24bee40406ff00a733555316b8ccb57d661326d6b2d48a7a7fe33fbec23d69890b9368f6321d60b231cf2\
+5680bcf7e8f43e443c19150b72394b5a9617fb8cc9666d43968fecdb56c22db6421ffbe3351fe479d9e7841288\
+15fbeb7f1b5f9dc1f8b3d772741f7ef9884b5ca81d972d8537ea4c12cbf29c7e362ccd14ed83781db312da5d83\
+8e11b20b050b6be472d8133f8f6525649dc9b967d40f430feb4cb3408a623a12658959f8cd8a115d8f63dd6e8b\
+b8449937620b1cf783a0761fcbd4f48dcb572c1463a7c756bf9dd77d45f92cfe9a04dfb4d007a448d9b1a8c936\
+9bcd35db598e7cdec566d075ff4c8d445e94ef49c0d0a78bb45921bf4c6e6b750a4d0f3310fc9a767a368ced10\
+293987bf88026c69dcd805aea561d9b207c2710e6e90658ec5e0f8560449889ba8af852ea36b272aebb73ef59e\
+74d1c0fe963ecbf1049743263681f5733cdf3b0b89b52667f63f65e4e7327ca45a2c1bd385f7c5fbf74b82e4f8\
+0425c237813f2d39c4d7a06b49eec49b26dd234323747cf41eb4c2a7647b8548dcd72d59a4f0da2b1120759cfc\
+dae5df80c55a9015fc48f985bda3d416f7301d72a4348953", hex::encode(&ciphertext));
+}
+
+fn encrypt_ctr(key: &[u8; 16], iv: &[u8; 16], plaintext: &[u8]) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let mut aes128 = Aes128::new_from_slice(key).unwrap();
+    let plaintext_len = plaintext.len();
+    let blocks_count = (plaintext_len / 16) + if plaintext_len % 16 == 0 { 0 } else { 1 };
+    let iv_u128 = u128::from_be_bytes(iv.clone());
+
+    let mut cipher_text = vec![0_u8; plaintext_len];
+    for i in 0..blocks_count {
+        let enc_iv_u128 = iv_u128 + i as u128;
+        let mut block: Block<Aes128> = GenericArray::from(enc_iv_u128.to_be_bytes()).clone();
+        aes128.encrypt_block_mut(&mut block);
+
+        let block_slice = block.as_slice();
+        for j in 0..block_slice.len() {
+            let oi = i * 16 + j;
+            if oi < plaintext_len {
+                cipher_text[oi] = block_slice[j] ^ plaintext[oi];
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    cipher_text
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_aes() {
+    let mut aes128 = Aes128::new_from_slice(
+        &[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]
+    ).unwrap();
+
+    let mut a: Block<Aes128> = GenericArray::from_slice(&[0_u8; 16]).clone();
+    aes128.encrypt_block_mut(&mut a);
+    println!("{}", hex::encode(a.as_slice()));
+
+    assert_eq!("66e94bd4ef8a2c3b884cfa59ca342b2e", hex::encode(a.as_slice()));
+}

__crypto/bc1-btc-address/Cargo.lock

@@ -0,0 +1,284 @@
+# This file is automatically @generated by Cargo.
+# It is not intended for manual editing.
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+
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+ "bitcoin-internals",
+ "bitcoin_hashes",
+]
+
+[[package]]
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+dependencies = [
+ "bitcoin",
+ "hex",
+ "rand",
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+ "cfg-if",
+ "libc",
+ "r-efi",
+ "wasi",
+]
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+ "wit-bindgen-rt",
+]
+
+[[package]]
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+dependencies = [
+ "bitflags",
+]
+
+[[package]]
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+dependencies = [
+ "zerocopy-derive",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "zerocopy-derive"
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+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
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+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn",
+]

__crypto/bc1-btc-address/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+[package]
+name = "bc1-btc-address"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2024"
+
+[dependencies]
+bitcoin = "0.32.6"
+hex = "0.4.3"
+rand = "0.9.1"

__crypto/bc1-btc-address/src/main.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+use bitcoin::key::Secp256k1;
+use bitcoin::{Address, CompressedPublicKey, Network, PrivateKey};
+use rand::RngCore;
+
+// generate btc address:
+// https://coinb.in/#newSegWit
+fn main() {
+    let secp = Secp256k1::new();
+    let mut sk_bytes = [0u8; 32];
+    rand::rng().fill_bytes(&mut sk_bytes);
+    let secret_key = PrivateKey::from_slice(&sk_bytes, Network::Bitcoin).unwrap();
+
+    // let secret_key = PrivateKey::from_wif("L2HajtedHgDT16o3Er8L8tyRrPNbXkeBK69vhGi7K9eK4Yg3dJuj").unwrap();
+
+    let public_key = secret_key.public_key(&secp);
+    let compress_public_key = CompressedPublicKey::try_from(public_key).unwrap();
+
+    // 构造 P2WPKH 地址 (bc1 开头)
+    let address = Address::p2wpkh(&compress_public_key, Network::Bitcoin);
+    let address = address.to_string();
+
+    println!("Private Key (WIF): {}", secret_key.to_wif());
+    println!("Public Key: {}", public_key);
+    println!(
+        "Public Key: {}",
+        hex::encode(&public_key.inner.serialize_uncompressed())
+    );
+    println!("SegWit Address (bc1): {}", address);
+}

__crypto/eth-address/Cargo.lock

@@ -0,0 +1,317 @@
+# This file is automatically @generated by Cargo.
+# It is not intended for manual editing.
+version = 4
+
+[[package]]
+name = "arrayvec"
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+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
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+
+[[package]]
+name = "bitcoin-io"
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+checksum = "0b47c4ab7a93edb0c7198c5535ed9b52b63095f4e9b45279c6736cec4b856baf"
+
+[[package]]
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+ "rand_core",
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+ "wit-bindgen-rt",
+]
+
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+dependencies = [
+ "bitflags",
+]
+
+[[package]]
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+checksum = "1039dd0d3c310cf05de012d8a39ff557cb0d23087fd44cad61df08fc31907a2f"
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+ "zerocopy-derive",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "zerocopy-derive"
+version = "0.8.26"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
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+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn",
+]

__crypto/eth-address/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+[package]
+name = "eth-address"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2024"
+
+[dependencies]
+hex = "0.4.3"
+keccak-hash = "0.11.0"
+num_cpus = "1.17.0"
+rand = "0.9.1"
+secp256k1 = { version = "0.31.1", features = ["rand"] }

__crypto/eth-address/src/main.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+use keccak_hash::keccak_256;
+use secp256k1::{PublicKey, Secp256k1};
+use std::{
+    sync::{Arc, Mutex},
+    thread,
+};
+
+fn main() {
+    let args = std::env::args();
+    if args.len() <= 1 {
+        println!("[ERROR] Need at least one argument, e.g. 0xff 0xffff ...");
+        return;
+    }
+    let continue_on_found = std::env::var("CONTINUE_ON_FOUND")
+        .map(|c| c.to_lowercase())
+        .map(|c| c == "1" || c == "true" || c == "yes" || c == "on")
+        .unwrap_or_else(|_| false);
+
+    let prefixes: Vec<String> = args.skip(1).collect();
+    println!("Prefixes: {:?}", prefixes);
+    if continue_on_found {
+        println!("CONTINUE_ON_FOUND is ON");
+    } else {
+        println!("CONTINUE_ON_FOUND is OFF");
+    }
+    let loop_count = std::env::var("LOOP_COUNT")
+        .map(|c| c.parse::<u64>())
+        .unwrap_or_else(|_| Ok(10_000_000_u64))
+        .unwrap_or_else(|_| 10_000_000_u64);
+    println!("LOOP_COUNT={}", loop_count);
+
+    let num_of_vcpus = num_cpus::get();
+    let num_of_phycpus = num_cpus::get_physical();
+    println!(
+        "You have {} vCPUs, from {} phyCPUs",
+        num_of_vcpus, num_of_phycpus
+    );
+    let concurrent_count = std::env::var("CONCURRENT_COUNT")
+        .map(|c| c.parse::<u64>())
+        .unwrap_or_else(|_| Ok(num_of_phycpus as u64))
+        .unwrap_or_else(|_| 1_u64);
+    println!("CONCURRENT_COUNT={}", concurrent_count);
+
+    let stop_flag = Arc::new(Mutex::new(false));
+    let mut handles = vec![];
+    for ind in 0..concurrent_count {
+        println!("- Running task {} of {}", ind, concurrent_count);
+        let the_stop_flag = Arc::clone(&stop_flag);
+        let prefixes = prefixes.clone();
+        let child = thread::spawn(move || {
+            run_one_task(prefixes, continue_on_found, loop_count, ind, the_stop_flag);
+        });
+        handles.push(child);
+    }
+    while let Some(h) = handles.pop() {
+        h.join().unwrap();
+    }
+    println!("Finished!");
+}
+
+fn run_one_task(
+    prefixes: Vec<String>,
+    continue_on_found: bool,
+    loop_count: u64,
+    ind: u64,
+    the_stop_flag: Arc<Mutex<bool>>,
+) {
+    let secp = Secp256k1::new();
+
+    for i in 0..loop_count {
+        let (secret_key, public_key) = secp.generate_keypair(&mut rand::rng());
+
+        let s = make_eth_address(&public_key);
+
+        if i % 1_000 == 0 {
+            if *the_stop_flag.lock().unwrap() {
+                return;
+            }
+            if i > 0 && i % 100_000 == 0 {
+                println!("> {} - {}", ind, i);
+            }
+        }
+        let lower_s = s.to_ascii_lowercase();
+        if prefixes.iter().any(|p| lower_s.starts_with(p)) {
+            println!(">> {}\n{}", s, hex::encode(secret_key.as_ref()));
+
+            if !continue_on_found {
+                *the_stop_flag.lock().unwrap() = true;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// reference: https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-55
+fn make_eth_address(public_key: &PublicKey) -> String {
+    let public_key_bytes = public_key.serialize_uncompressed().to_vec();
+
+    let mut output = [0_u8; 32];
+    keccak_256(&public_key_bytes[1..], &mut output);
+
+    let addr_without_prefix_0x = hex::encode(&output[32 - 20..]);
+    let mut addr_keccak_256_output = [0_u8; 32];
+    keccak_256(
+        addr_without_prefix_0x.as_bytes(),
+        &mut addr_keccak_256_output,
+    );
+    let addr_keccak_256_hex = hex::encode(&addr_keccak_256_output);
+
+    let mut addr = String::with_capacity(42);
+    addr.push_str("0x");
+    let addr_keccak_256_chars = addr_keccak_256_hex.chars().collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    let addr_chars = addr_without_prefix_0x.chars().collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    for i in 0..addr_chars.len() {
+        if addr_keccak_256_chars[i] >= '8' {
+            addr.push(addr_chars[i].to_ascii_uppercase());
+        } else {
+            addr.push(addr_chars[i])
+        }
+    }
+    addr
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_make_eth_address() {
+    use secp256k1::{SecretKey};
+    
+    for (private_key, eth_address) in [
+        (
+            "961fc1985ceca1e23b169103e041ecfa642ff8690a6ecc59d91f2dba648ab02b",
+            "0x0005119dEE1fD8763fE6ADBbc801484a3728F0db",
+        ),
+        (
+            "2fa0db47c5939d7d4831d05dcdb329f6e7f7d5ca2c7247a666729aa513ea26bf",
+            "0x23aEf078e0997434Eb47E6d0B3C7770010473456",
+        ),
+        (
+            "e6a8f02f9d308eca44b8437d6dc1d08101449ecef5851dfe5093bcf0bc21fa5b",
+            "0xef87E9712c412ef7B90804EbaB763FAe24E10123",
+        ),
+        (
+            "3d541861865959e1e1c303d5c2a90084192415b61ead3fdb778047278011170b",
+            "0x1451449D05A3C232a543A995C2A38c07095f6666",
+        ),
+    ] {
+        let temp_key = hex::decode(private_key).unwrap();
+        let mut key_32_bytes = [0_u8; 32];
+        for i in 0..32 {
+            key_32_bytes[i] = temp_key[i];
+        }
+        let secp = Secp256k1::new();
+        let secret_key =
+            SecretKey::from_byte_array(key_32_bytes).expect("32 bytes, within curve order");
+        let public_key = PublicKey::from_secret_key(&secp, &secret_key);
+        assert_eq!(eth_address, make_eth_address(&public_key));
+    }
+}

__crypto/jose-test/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+[package]
+name = "jose-test"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+
+[dependencies]
+aes-gcm-stream = "0.2.3"
+aes-kw = { version = "0.2.1", features = ["alloc"] }
+base64 = "0.22.1"
+biscuit = "0.7.0"
+#jose-jwe = "0.0.0"
+jose-jwk = { version = "0.1.2", features = ["rsa"] }
+josekit = "0.10.0"
+rand = { version = "0.8.5", features = [] }
+rsa = "0.9.6"
+rust_util = "0.6.47"
+serde = "1.0.214"
+serde_json = "1.0.132"
+sha1 = "0.10.6"
+sha2 = "0.10.8"

__crypto/jose-test/src/jose.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,241 @@
+use aes_gcm_stream::{Aes256GcmStreamDecryptor, Aes256GcmStreamEncryptor};
+use aes_kw::Kek;
+use base64::engine::general_purpose::URL_SAFE_NO_PAD;
+use base64::Engine;
+use josekit::jwe;
+use josekit::jwe::alg::aeskw::AeskwJweAlgorithm;
+use josekit::jwe::alg::rsaes::RsaesJweAlgorithm;
+use josekit::jwe::JweHeader;
+use josekit::jwk::alg::rsa::RsaKeyPair;
+use josekit::jwk::Jwk;
+use rand::{random, thread_rng};
+use rsa::{Oaep, RsaPrivateKey, RsaPublicKey};
+use rust_util::{opt_result, simple_error, XResult};
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use serde_json::Value;
+use sha1::Sha1;
+
+const LOCAL_KMS_PREFIX: &str = "LKMS:";
+
+// JWE format:
+// BASE64URL(UTF8(JWE Protected Header)) || '.' ||
+// BASE64URL(JWE Encrypted Key) || '.' || BASE64URL(JWE Initialization Vector)
+// || '.' || BASE64URL(JWE Ciphertext) || '.' || BASE64URL(JWE Authentication Tag).
+//
+// RSA JWE Header:
+// {"enc":"A256GCM","vendor":"local-mini-kms","alg":"RSA-OAEP"}
+// eyJlbmMiOiJBMjU2R0NNIiwidmVuZG9yIjoibG9jYWwtbWluaS1rbXMiLCJhbGciOiJSU0EtT0FFUCJ9.VQ_R
+// yGjXqQlUIbRIMgaYRSaX5FMRBzZ6ApfdZ2yAwiG70hjNfR3ss7x4PYqMm6QtITm1O4_fp7I3bY8iUz5Njyth_
+// Min7Xm2-WsQ6gq9yN58btkUBFm60c7SC5XLaqE1pEtBAz7786bJk6M4NeOtDAOFAmIb2j1EwnS5vweBtmNv7N
+// UFIgvx806T3WkCFDOkMSJ10_6LSa0z-lIac-s68svsU5WW8CXVKxHAbxaHyX_otu2HxXzDZlF5Goamh5ZJtr0
+// 0yW_bzDCx3hZ2nMK3Ve7IJ2ZLAMmvhj9LKWkPtoqH0dGHaPHWff5P3rZ4vtKywt_h5b6SYII_mEoJcpByMyGw
+// TXCtZymDt82Tyv_FesW2721JgyGxnukuOxQRTw4MfGYIO5bldL3uGGI_H4HXlXhM_kp3wuPAZ0vH4Jj2KD6MV
+// DDTJQaEBQIEF07i7WiNynr57kbahYwextRXYP7LgoUHfFwA5GGGpN-UkuWLlKkYLTmXGrPYnL6Cf9D3euP7nF
+// ml2oA2hjig-UuYf9A_QSEqNsMxYDuG-rggn3H_iXNl4ooYcxSVOXhTKfoV578MkNwG75BdHN5FeRYIKq0HCTM
+// lGqqBWmDibPtMd7Uq1JrDd8774lnA8JcZcCMSia4m6WJSbG0kOuJ4NJPOUrYtNEJXgWKU3FQzDB-apLMQdac.
+// WYJgsdZRLk310KWd.P333-S2VYg.PCfruTdk8vh3a8wcjJCe-g
+//
+// RSA-OAEP	RSA using Optimal Asymmetric Encryption Padding (OAEP), as defined in RFC 3447 [RFC3447]
+// A256GCM	Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) using 256 bit keys in Galois/Counter Mode, as defined in [FIPS‑197] and [NIST‑800‑38D]
+//
+// AES JWE Header:
+// {"enc":"A256GCM","vendor":"local-mini-kms","version":"5b90f66a1c6a918d","alg":"A256KW"}
+// eyJlbmMiOiJBMjU2R0NNIiwidmVuZG9yIjoibG9jYWwtbWluaS1rbXMiLCJ2ZXJzaW9uIjoiNWI5MGY2NmExYz
+// ZhOTE4ZCIsImFsZyI6IkEyNTZLVyJ9.K2_P-b_Gq9wbrssbcS5AmiUwcnNTnnZSe7rBI1SixVrC7TfFK0fruw.
+// ez3OKjOHAIIYnfM0.wSO3aXo.-vGJwk8JQKhi3voIlAA9gQ
+//
+// A256GCM	Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) using 256 bit keys in Galois/Counter Mode, as defined in [FIPS‑197] and [NIST‑800‑38D]
+// A256KW	Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) Key Wrap Algorithm using 256 bit keys, as defined in RFC 3394 [RFC3394]
+
+//          JWE Header:  {"alg":"dir","enc":"A256GCM"}
+// Encrypted key (CEK):  (blank)
+//                  IV:  Vlf_WdLm-spHbfJe
+//          Ciphertext:  RxMPrw
+//  Authentication Tag:  5VC8Y_qSPdSubbGNGyfn6A
+//
+//          JWE Header:  {"alg":"A256KW","enc":"A256GCM"}
+// Encrypted key (CEK):  66xZoxFI18zfvLMO6WU1zzqqX1tT8xu_qZzMQyPcfVuajPNkOJUXQA
+//                  IV:  X5ZL8yaOektXmfny
+//          Ciphertext:  brz-Lg
+//  Authentication Tag:  xG-EvM-9hrw0XRiuRW7HrA
+//
+// https://security.stackexchange.com/questions/80966/what-is-the-point-of-aes-key-wrap-with-json-web-encryption
+
+const JWE_ENC_A256GCM: &str = "A256GCM";
+const JWE_ALG_A256KW: &str = "A256KW";
+const JWE_ALG_RSA_OAEP: &str = "RSA-OAEP";
+const JWE_DOT: &str = ".";
+
+pub fn generate_rsa_key_2(bits: u32) -> XResult<RsaPrivateKey> {
+    let mut rng = thread_rng();
+    Ok(RsaPrivateKey::new(&mut rng, bits as usize)?)
+}
+
+pub fn generate_rsa_key(bits: u32) -> XResult<RsaKeyPair> {
+    Ok(RsaKeyPair::generate(bits)?)
+}
+
+pub fn serialize_jwe_rsa_2(payload: &[u8], rsa_public_key: &RsaPublicKey) -> XResult<String> {
+    let header = JweHeader2 {
+        enc: JWE_ENC_A256GCM.to_string(),
+        alg: JWE_ALG_RSA_OAEP.to_string(),
+        vendor: "local-mini-kms".to_string(),
+        version: None,
+    };
+    serialize_jwe_fn(&header, payload, |data_key| -> XResult<Vec<u8>> {
+        let mut r = thread_rng();
+        Ok(opt_result!(rsa_public_key.encrypt(&mut r, Oaep::new::<Sha1>(), data_key), "Wrap key failed: {}"))
+    })
+}
+
+pub fn serialize_jwe_rsa(payload: &[u8], jwk: &Jwk) -> XResult<String> {
+    let mut header = JweHeader::new();
+    header.set_content_encryption(JWE_ENC_A256GCM);
+    header.set_claim("vendor", Some(Value::String("local-mini-kms".to_string())))?;
+    let encrypter = RsaesJweAlgorithm::RsaOaep.encrypter_from_jwk(jwk)?;
+    Ok(format!("{}{}", LOCAL_KMS_PREFIX, jwe::serialize_compact(payload, &header, &encrypter)?))
+}
+
+pub fn deserialize_jwe_rsa_2(jwe: &str, rsa: &RsaPrivateKey) -> XResult<(Vec<u8>, JweHeader2)> {
+    deserialize_jwe_fn(jwe, |alg, key_wrap| -> XResult<Vec<u8>> {
+        if alg != JWE_ALG_RSA_OAEP {
+            return simple_error!("Invalid JWE header alg: {}", alg);
+        }
+        Ok(opt_result!(rsa.decrypt(Oaep::new::<Sha1>(), &key_wrap), "Unwrap key failed: {}"))
+    })
+}
+
+pub fn deserialize_jwe_rsa(jwe: &str, jwk: &Jwk) -> XResult<(Vec<u8>, JweHeader)> {
+    let decrypter = RsaesJweAlgorithm::RsaOaep.decrypter_from_jwk(jwk)?;
+    Ok(jwe::deserialize_compact(&get_jwe(jwe), &decrypter)?)
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct JweHeader2 {
+    pub enc: String,
+    pub alg: String,
+    pub vendor: String,
+    pub version: Option<String>,
+}
+
+pub fn serialize_jwe_aes_2(payload: &[u8], key: [u8; 32]) -> XResult<String> {
+    let header = JweHeader2 {
+        enc: JWE_ENC_A256GCM.to_string(),
+        alg: JWE_ALG_A256KW.to_string(),
+        vendor: "local-mini-kms".to_string(),
+        version: None,
+    };
+    serialize_jwe_fn(&header, payload, |data_key| -> XResult<Vec<u8>> {
+        let kek = Kek::from(key);
+        Ok(opt_result!(kek.wrap_vec(&data_key[..]), "Wrap key failed: {}"))
+    })
+}
+
+pub fn serialize_jwe_aes(payload: &[u8], key: &[u8]) -> XResult<String> {
+    let mut header = JweHeader::new();
+    header.set_content_encryption(JWE_ENC_A256GCM);
+    header.set_claim("vendor", Some(Value::String("local-mini-kms".to_string())))?;
+    // header.set_claim("version", Some(Value::String(get_master_key_checksum(key))))?;
+    let encrypter = AeskwJweAlgorithm::A256kw.encrypter_from_bytes(key)?;
+    Ok(format!("{}{}", LOCAL_KMS_PREFIX, jwe::serialize_compact(payload, &header, &encrypter)?))
+}
+
+pub fn deserialize_jwe_aes_2(jwe: &str, key: [u8; 32]) -> XResult<(Vec<u8>, JweHeader2)> {
+    deserialize_jwe_fn(jwe, |alg, key_wrap| -> XResult<Vec<u8>> {
+        if alg != JWE_ALG_A256KW {
+            return simple_error!("Invalid JWE header alg: {}", alg);
+        }
+        let kek = Kek::from(key);
+        Ok(opt_result!(kek.unwrap_vec(&key_wrap), "Unwrap key failed: {}"))
+    })
+}
+
+pub fn deserialize_jwe_aes(jwe: &str, key: &[u8]) -> XResult<(Vec<u8>, JweHeader)> {
+    let decrypter = AeskwJweAlgorithm::A256kw.decrypter_from_bytes(key)?;
+    Ok(jwe::deserialize_compact(&get_jwe(jwe), &decrypter)?)
+}
+
+fn serialize_jwe_fn<F>(header: &JweHeader2, payload: &[u8], key_wrap_fn: F) -> XResult<String>
+where
+    F: Fn(&[u8]) -> XResult<Vec<u8>>,
+{
+    let header_str = opt_result!(serde_json::to_string(&header), "Invalid JWE header: {}");
+    let header_b64 = URL_SAFE_NO_PAD.encode(header_str.as_bytes());
+
+    let data_key: [u8; 32] = random();
+    let iv: [u8; 12] = random();
+    let mut encryptor = Aes256GcmStreamEncryptor::new(data_key, &iv);
+    encryptor.init_adata(header_b64.as_bytes());
+    let mut ciphertext = encryptor.update(payload);
+    let (ciphertext_final, tag) = encryptor.finalize();
+    ciphertext.extend_from_slice(&ciphertext_final);
+
+    let cek = key_wrap_fn(&data_key)?;
+
+    Ok(format!(
+        "{}.{}.{}.{}.{}",
+        header_b64,
+        URL_SAFE_NO_PAD.encode(&cek),
+        URL_SAFE_NO_PAD.encode(&iv),
+        URL_SAFE_NO_PAD.encode(&ciphertext),
+        URL_SAFE_NO_PAD.encode(&tag)
+    ))
+}
+
+fn deserialize_jwe_fn<F>(jwe: &str, key_unwrap_fn: F) -> XResult<(Vec<u8>, JweHeader2)>
+where
+    F: Fn(&str, &[u8]) -> XResult<Vec<u8>>,
+{
+    let jwe_parts = jwe.split(JWE_DOT).collect::<Vec<&str>>();
+    if jwe_parts.len() != 5 {
+        return simple_error!("Invalid JWE: {}", jwe);
+    }
+    let header_bytes = opt_result!(decode_url_safe_no_pad(jwe_parts[0]), "Invalid JWE header: {}, JWE: {}", jwe);
+    let header: JweHeader2 = opt_result!(serde_json::from_slice(&header_bytes), "Invalid JWE header: {}, JWE: {}", jwe);
+    if header.enc != JWE_ENC_A256GCM {
+        return simple_error!("Invalid JWE header enc: {}", header.enc);
+    }
+
+    let cek = opt_result!(decode_url_safe_no_pad(jwe_parts[1]), "Invalid JWE CEK: {}, JWE: {}", jwe);
+    let iv = opt_result!(decode_url_safe_no_pad(jwe_parts[2]), "Invalid JWE IV: {}, JWE: {}", jwe);
+    let ciphertext = opt_result!(decode_url_safe_no_pad(jwe_parts[3]), "Invalid JWE ciphertext: {}, JWE: {}", jwe);
+    let tag = opt_result!(decode_url_safe_no_pad(jwe_parts[4]), "Invalid JWE tag: {}, JWE: {}", jwe);
+
+    let data_key = key_unwrap_fn(&header.alg, &cek)?;
+    let data_key_b32 = opt_result!(to_bytes32(&data_key), "Invalid JWE CEK: {}, JWE: {}", jwe);
+
+    let mut decryptor = Aes256GcmStreamDecryptor::new(data_key_b32, &iv);
+    decryptor.init_adata(jwe_parts[0].as_bytes());
+    let mut plaintext = decryptor.update(&ciphertext);
+    let plaintext_2 = decryptor.update(&tag);
+    let plaintext_final = opt_result!(decryptor.finalize(), "Invalid JWE: {}, JWE: {}", jwe);
+    plaintext.extend_from_slice(&plaintext_2);
+    plaintext.extend_from_slice(&plaintext_final);
+    Ok((plaintext, header))
+}
+
+#[inline]
+fn decode_url_safe_no_pad(s: &str) -> XResult<Vec<u8>> {
+    Ok(URL_SAFE_NO_PAD.decode(s.as_bytes())?)
+}
+
+#[inline]
+fn to_bytes32(bytes: &[u8]) -> XResult<[u8; 32]> {
+    if bytes.len() != 32 {
+        return simple_error!("Not valid 32 bytes");
+    }
+    let mut ret = [0; 32];
+    for i in 0..32 {
+        ret[i] = bytes[i];
+    }
+    Ok(ret)
+}
+
+#[inline]
+fn get_jwe(jwe: &str) -> String {
+    if jwe.starts_with(LOCAL_KMS_PREFIX) {
+        jwe.chars().skip(LOCAL_KMS_PREFIX.len()).collect()
+    } else {
+        jwe.to_string()
+    }
+}

__crypto/jose-test/src/main.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+mod jose;
+
+use crate::jose::{deserialize_jwe_aes, deserialize_jwe_aes_2, deserialize_jwe_rsa_2, serialize_jwe_aes_2, serialize_jwe_rsa, serialize_jwe_rsa_2};
+use base64::engine::general_purpose::STANDARD;
+use base64::Engine;
+use jose_jwk::{Jwk, Key, Rsa};
+use rand::random;
+use rand::rngs::ThreadRng;
+use rsa::traits::{PrivateKeyParts, PublicKeyParts};
+use rsa::{Oaep, Pkcs1v15Encrypt};
+use sha2::Sha256;
+
+fn main() {
+    let key: [u8; 32] = random();
+    let payload = b"hello world";
+
+    let e = serialize_jwe_aes_2(payload, key).unwrap();
+    println!("{}", e);
+
+    let (d, h) = deserialize_jwe_aes(&e, &key).unwrap();
+    println!("{:?}", d);
+    println!("{:?}", h);
+
+    let (d2, h2) = deserialize_jwe_aes_2(&e, key).unwrap();
+    println!("{:?}", d2);
+    println!("{:?}", h2);
+
+    let rsa_key = jose::generate_rsa_key_2(2048).unwrap();
+    let rsa_public_key = rsa_key.as_ref();
+    let public_rsa: Rsa = rsa_public_key.into();
+    // let rsa: Rsa = rsa_key.into();
+    // println!("{:?}", public_rsa);
+    // println!("{:?}", rsa);
+
+    let jwk = Jwk {
+        key: Key::Rsa(public_rsa),
+        prm: Default::default(),
+    };
+    let jwk_str = serde_json::to_string(&jwk).unwrap();
+    println!("{}", &jwk_str);
+    // let rsa: Rsa = serde_json::from_str(&jwk_str).unwrap();
+    let josekitjwk = josekit::jwk::Jwk::from_bytes(jwk_str.as_bytes()).unwrap();
+    let rsa_jwe = serialize_jwe_rsa(b"hello world 001", &josekitjwk).unwrap();
+    // let rsa_key_2: RsaPrivateKey = rsa.try_into().unwrap();
+    println!(">>> {}", rsa_jwe);
+    let rsa_jwe = rsa_jwe.chars().skip(5).collect::<String>();
+    let (dd, hh) = deserialize_jwe_rsa_2(&rsa_jwe, &rsa_key).unwrap();
+    println!("DD: {}", String::from_utf8_lossy(&dd));
+    println!("HH: {:?}", hh);
+
+    println!("-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------");
+    let rsa_jwe2 = serialize_jwe_rsa_2(b"hello world 003", rsa_public_key).unwrap();
+    println!(">>> {}", rsa_jwe2);
+    // let rsa_jwe2 = rsa_jwe2.chars().skip(5).collect::<String>();
+    let (ddd, hhh) = deserialize_jwe_rsa_2(&rsa_jwe2, &rsa_key).unwrap();
+    println!("DDD: {}", String::from_utf8_lossy(&ddd));
+    println!("HHH: {:?}", hhh);
+
+    println!("-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------");
+    main2();
+}
+
+fn main2() {
+    let rsa_jwk = r##"{
+    "kty":"RSA",
+    "e":"AQAB",
+    "n":"5xyyPQx8Z7AjVf8Mg4xTE6yN8efPHc0lCdO056R2lzaEQeFwVCbOxFCnmly2-HtE_F_Wd3-B0nxOmODIyC4T
+    kLS3hXuflZb-OH73GwYDRmfcvWorACm0hv_a3p8YCuXvZ9aQUPRXwLn1jmAnKJiVRtObZTmmG5TsO-Q-U1DJjKhuP
+    --4co9T434y3U9xGIBYAudQ8tn4QSuVInrO2svg4gb9PExLDBn_46yEiLn-q0TzvO-s2rZ0iCpfB0Gji3djQiF-op
+    WUjLeGIMLC-gwAOKB4PjlsJBPlIg3pYpRuUEDERIy7kxZ8PIe4Nrfli_sRwMknm9HgQaigu3euYcjxXG9CALTs_vR
+    a7lRdpEKQY1ysY_z0bjIk1v-erEyNflQimpDHXGxujVj1EUrYz2diu60acmLSEciThafweAupr_qyKXUutBsc_KPK
+    33n8KBIPjl8X7bX2z-dXMKXo312vfPb6iO1ZcoFXG2nkFzwvFUKYFHSGjuZTQKgiaVEhlbq7N-80BlynnkHLYGcbn
+    9MtrT8O2Fci1i2ByxyL6B3vB1D5J1VyZ7IBY5AD1GanK2uFmC9nAoFvjTQJt3k2TI_MiPHgb1fZkHu0r-yrf9W_Hr
+    PrhBTp5wbepRSC6hs-yTykLJKSE5CD43KbjoW5GCqOkkQMnVjvSY4FpAdTj8Qt7kk"
+    }"##;
+    let rsa_jwk = rsa_jwk.replace(" ", "");
+    let rsa_jwk = rsa_jwk.replace("\r", "");
+    let rsa_jwk = rsa_jwk.replace("\n", "");
+
+    println!("{}", rsa_jwk);
+    let rsa: Rsa = serde_json::from_str(&rsa_jwk).unwrap();
+
+    let rsa_public_key = rsa::RsaPublicKey::try_from(rsa).unwrap();
+    // println!("{:?}", rsa_public_key);
+
+    let mut r = ThreadRng::default();
+    let enc = rsa_public_key.encrypt(&mut r, Pkcs1v15Encrypt, b"aaaaaaaa").unwrap();
+    println!("{}", STANDARD.encode(&enc));
+
+    let enc2 = rsa_public_key.encrypt(&mut r, Oaep::new::<Sha256>(), b"").unwrap();
+    println!("{}", STANDARD.encode(&enc2));
+}

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__crypto/ml-kem-demo/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+[package]
+name = "ml-kem-demo"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2024"
+
+[dependencies]
+base64 = "0.22.1"
+ml-kem = { version = "0.2.1", features = ["zeroize"] }
+rand = "0.8"

__crypto/ml-kem-demo/src/main.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+use base64::Engine;
+use base64::engine::general_purpose::STANDARD;
+use ml_kem::kem::Encapsulate;
+use ml_kem::{Encoded, EncodedSizeUser, KemCore, MlKem768};
+
+fn main() {
+    let ek_bytes = STANDARD.decode("fZKrgJTGZYMogAO0u8XI/skLXXCx/hCmQjKdEGGaBitoBWCrbaw\
++t7nAT7G8lexlEdwGJrdwNuBVJFZOEnxH9Fu2e7kZrAA0EWZThrhrlCQb7SKSJ3MKP9jGeNA2igU/cXhQj9qSaWzNqplMffhuZHjBAT\
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+OCVc+2sIcKjIElmRtjDFK9vooRVwGXppfPcV2vMeUk5IMF7aGnDdjkdGm1/oYkPqnvesi5bIpL+kGj9EPDibIPAS4AUQajgNNioRErB\
+mxAdlZHWpXD+ixmbJp4geG7gJ3OsbBhmmBtJuPTcZeSLOg3HVtQTwyhxd1WjcMh1eqp0i5bDF/0Zin8dcqE0JRmTBj4MTAEbs1xNe1+\
+xCZB3tnviVOU9d5uSpF6MNmdVWFiYmJJFYyeiJIOWmL1Och79S565dhxxO+ndd2DHVIuTaBW3cu4WSn9AlMqAcPvMxPAYcY7kFcOjc/\
+PvYI4+oIfGgLaCcFNWcZUCBKz2Qi1zYqSjYYTrnJQVGClpOaGpdXi0zDYvagA2ZSDzNZS6oki6ZeimU0YzQDlRirNPx6ARSgdJU7WgA\
+SpUNen0QLcoa7iwTDwGeEkHMt2OhUmqdv8bUNJ7YjpJuHOKuMX2C6fJslY5pyP5FJNVE7BugCSdSU1rxOKcHN0iiQSEgd8BU8hkZmof\
+GahyzPgABI1cJjViMb/cgoiRtrsZuzBWDCVjog8mx7ulYhkszM9ghookGbHHwx/abBbRcTr1HIl0ursSCJPoZT3UWFRNgvVuA7gMQVJ\
+FxxiFBOxOuHrMTABhVdpPCpNYvEgWRC+Skj3XhZRWovTLuDWPazRMe31iWVirBWTUIeIEEiRsvBPXMW3Ne1gsVwDFEOiaxp5SOAnAGK\
+mkg/8LIRTHA0LbpBDEjEK+VllQeCIaUJk9g2FxlgatuqcDgIY2KH2NZapIOiRyZYs8shb2JJIRAWqcwRNIBL7ZwBOpafsyJc3BS4YSY\
+ErVdAOOZe8/G9mcrNwOKzkkPFDUsb+eBEdHIr4bCUGGyinLkGskkXb1Gl8FCbTOGU04ZZtqhFI6eP5Stb7MiY7ywRhiOvokduQTLN26\
+CsRJa579VOqdeSsNjFI6lxMhgwaxGaHcwWiGBDSbGGcyskujyPebYl+UlhDXGGVHYfZStkj8Sm84KGWqaq9BSQmIgU8oCj7SRMTGC3c\
+dmjK5QiTGV+LEZKWwpQ9+GU5TIrTqImmeBj+dpGoPFmbliytiKbH53ZsFCfVNMqOvJ24IxdfgWNpBmrChnYmLQ=").unwrap();
+
+    let e: Encoded<<MlKem768 as KemCore>::EncapsulationKey> =
+        ek_bytes.as_slice().try_into().unwrap();
+    let ek = <MlKem768 as KemCore>::EncapsulationKey::from_bytes(&e);
+    let mut rng = rand::rngs::OsRng;
+    let k = ek.encapsulate(&mut rng).unwrap();
+    println!("{}", STANDARD.encode(k.0.as_slice()));
+    println!("Shared secret: {}", STANDARD.encode(k.1.as_slice()));
+}

__crypto/okta-bcrypt-issue/Cargo.lock

@@ -0,0 +1,257 @@
+# This file is automatically @generated by Cargo.
+# It is not intended for manual editing.
+version = 4
+
+[[package]]
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+ "base64",
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+ "subtle",
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+ "r-efi",
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+
+[[package]]
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+ "base64",
+ "bcrypt",
+ "rand",
+]
+
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__crypto/okta-bcrypt-issue/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+[package]
+name = "okta-bcrypt-issue"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2024"
+
+[dependencies]
+base64 = "0.22.1"
+bcrypt = "0.17.0"
+rand = "0.9.1"

__crypto/okta-bcrypt-issue/src/main.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+use rand::RngCore;
+use base64::{Engine as _, engine::general_purpose::URL_SAFE};
+use std::error::Error;
+
+fn random_string(length: usize) -> String {
+    let mut bytes = vec![0u8; length];
+    rand::rng().fill_bytes(&mut bytes);
+    URL_SAFE.encode(&bytes)[..length].to_string()
+}
+
+// https://n0rdy.foo/posts/20250121/okta-bcrypt-lessons-for-better-apis/
+fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+    // 18 + 55 + 1 = 74, so above 72 characters' limit of BCrypt
+    let user_id = random_string(18);
+    let username = random_string(55);
+    let password = "super-duper-secure-password";
+
+    let combined_string = format!("{}:{}:{}", user_id, username, password);
+    let combined_hash = bcrypt::hash(combined_string.as_bytes(), bcrypt::DEFAULT_COST)?;
+
+    // let's try to break it
+    let wrong_password = "wrong-password";
+    let wrong_combined_string = format!("{}:{}:{}", user_id, username, wrong_password);
+
+    match bcrypt::verify(wrong_combined_string.as_bytes(), &combined_hash) {
+        Ok(true) => println!("Password is correct"),
+        Ok(false) => println!("Password is incorrect"),
+        Err(e) => println!("{}", e),
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+

__crypto/orion-demo/Cargo.lock

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+# It is not intended for manual editing.
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+ "getrandom",
+ "subtle",
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+
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+ "bitflags",
+]
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__crypto/orion-demo/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+[package]
+name = "orion-demo"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2024"
+
+[dependencies]
+hex = "0.4.3"
+orion = "0.17.11"

__crypto/orion-demo/src/main.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+use orion::hazardous::ecc::x25519::key_agreement;
+use orion::kex::{PrivateKey, PublicKey};
+use orion::pwhash::{Password, hash_password, hash_password_verify};
+
+fn main() {
+    let password = Password::from_slice(b"hello_world").unwrap();
+    let password_hash = hash_password(&password, 100, 1024).unwrap();
+    println!("{}", password_hash.unprotected_as_encoded());
+    println!("{:?}", hash_password_verify(&password_hash, &password));
+
+    println!("{}", "-".repeat(88));
+
+    let alice_sk = PrivateKey::generate();
+    let alice_pk = PublicKey::try_from(&alice_sk).unwrap();
+
+    let bob_sk = PrivateKey::generate();
+    let bob_pk = PublicKey::try_from(&bob_sk).unwrap();
+
+    let alice_shared = key_agreement(&alice_sk, &bob_pk).unwrap();
+    let bob_shared = key_agreement(&bob_sk, &alice_pk).unwrap();
+
+    println!("{}", hex::encode(alice_shared.unprotected_as_bytes()));
+    println!("{}", hex::encode(bob_shared.unprotected_as_bytes()));
+
+    println!("{}", "-".repeat(88));
+
+    let user_password = Password::from_slice(b"hello_world").unwrap();
+    let salt = orion::kdf::Salt::default();
+    let derived_key = orion::kdf::derive_key(&user_password, &salt, 3, 1 << 16, 32).unwrap();
+    println!(
+        "{} {}",
+        hex::encode(salt.as_ref()),
+        hex::encode(derived_key.unprotected_as_bytes())
+    );
+
+    println!("{}", "-".repeat(88));
+
+    let aead_key = orion::aead::SecretKey::generate(32).unwrap();
+    let ciphertext = orion::aead::seal(&aead_key, b"hello world").unwrap();
+
+    let plaintext = orion::aead::open(&aead_key, &ciphertext).unwrap();
+    println!("{}", hex::encode(&ciphertext));
+    println!("{} {}", hex::encode(&plaintext), String::from_utf8_lossy(&plaintext));
+}

__crypto/passkey-rs-demo/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+[package]
+name = "passkey-rs-demo"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2024"
+
+[dependencies]
+passkey = "0.4.0"
+url = "2.5.4"
+async-trait = "0.1.88"
+passkey-client = "0.4.0"
+coset = "0.3.8"
+tokio = { version = "1.45.1", features = ["full"] }

__crypto/passkey-rs-demo/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+
+Source code: https://github.com/1Password/passkey-rs/blob/main/passkey/examples/usage.rs
+
+

__crypto/passkey-rs-demo/src/main.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,230 @@
+use passkey::{
+    authenticator::{Authenticator, UserCheck, UserValidationMethod},
+    client::{Client, WebauthnError},
+    types::{crypto::sha256, ctap2::*, rand::random_vec, webauthn::*, Bytes, Passkey},
+};
+
+use coset::iana;
+use passkey_client::DefaultClientData;
+use url::Url;
+
+// MyUserValidationMethod is a stub impl of the UserValidationMethod trait, used later.
+struct MyUserValidationMethod {}
+#[async_trait::async_trait]
+impl UserValidationMethod for MyUserValidationMethod {
+    type PasskeyItem = Passkey;
+
+    async fn check_user<'a>(
+        &self,
+        _credential: Option<&'a Passkey>,
+        presence: bool,
+        verification: bool,
+    ) -> Result<UserCheck, Ctap2Error> {
+        Ok(UserCheck {
+            presence,
+            verification,
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn is_verification_enabled(&self) -> Option<bool> {
+        Some(true)
+    }
+
+    fn is_presence_enabled(&self) -> bool {
+        true
+    }
+}
+
+// Example of how to set up, register and authenticate with a `Client`.
+async fn client_setup(
+    challenge_bytes_from_rp: Bytes,
+    parameters_from_rp: PublicKeyCredentialParameters,
+    origin: &Url,
+    user_entity: PublicKeyCredentialUserEntity,
+) -> Result<(CreatedPublicKeyCredential, AuthenticatedPublicKeyCredential), WebauthnError> {
+    // First create an Authenticator for the Client to use.
+    let my_aaguid = Aaguid::new_empty();
+    let user_validation_method = MyUserValidationMethod {};
+    // Create the CredentialStore for the Authenticator.
+    // Option<Passkey> is the simplest possible implementation of CredentialStore
+    let store: Option<Passkey> = None;
+    let my_authenticator = Authenticator::new(my_aaguid, store, user_validation_method);
+
+    // Create the Client
+    // If you are creating credentials, you need to declare the Client as mut
+    let mut my_client = Client::new(my_authenticator);
+
+    // The following values, provided as parameters to this function would usually be
+    // retrieved from a Relying Party according to the context of the application.
+    let request = CredentialCreationOptions {
+        public_key: PublicKeyCredentialCreationOptions {
+            rp: PublicKeyCredentialRpEntity {
+                id: None, // Leaving the ID as None means use the effective domain
+                name: origin.domain().unwrap().into(),
+            },
+            user: user_entity,
+            challenge: challenge_bytes_from_rp,
+            pub_key_cred_params: vec![parameters_from_rp],
+            timeout: None,
+            exclude_credentials: None,
+            authenticator_selection: None,
+            hints: None,
+            attestation: AttestationConveyancePreference::None,
+            attestation_formats: None,
+            extensions: None,
+        },
+    };
+
+    // Now create the credential.
+    let my_webauthn_credential = my_client
+        .register(origin, request, DefaultClientData)
+        .await?;
+
+    // Let's try and authenticate.
+    // Create a challenge that would usually come from the RP.
+    let challenge_bytes_from_rp: Bytes = random_vec(32).into();
+    // Now try and authenticate
+    let credential_request = CredentialRequestOptions {
+        public_key: PublicKeyCredentialRequestOptions {
+            challenge: challenge_bytes_from_rp,
+            timeout: None,
+            rp_id: Some(String::from(origin.domain().unwrap())),
+            allow_credentials: None,
+            user_verification: UserVerificationRequirement::default(),
+            hints: None,
+            attestation: AttestationConveyancePreference::None,
+            attestation_formats: None,
+            extensions: None,
+        },
+    };
+
+    let authenticated_cred = my_client
+        .authenticate(origin, credential_request, DefaultClientData)
+        .await?;
+
+    Ok((my_webauthn_credential, authenticated_cred))
+}
+
+async fn authenticator_setup(
+    user_entity: PublicKeyCredentialUserEntity,
+    client_data_hash: Bytes,
+    algorithms_from_rp: PublicKeyCredentialParameters,
+    rp_id: String,
+) -> Result<get_assertion::Response, StatusCode> {
+    let store: Option<Passkey> = None;
+    let user_validation_method = MyUserValidationMethod {};
+    let my_aaguid = Aaguid::new_empty();
+
+    let mut my_authenticator = Authenticator::new(my_aaguid, store, user_validation_method);
+
+    let reg_request = make_credential::Request {
+        client_data_hash: client_data_hash.clone(),
+        rp: make_credential::PublicKeyCredentialRpEntity {
+            id: rp_id.clone(),
+            name: None,
+        },
+        user: user_entity,
+        pub_key_cred_params: vec![algorithms_from_rp],
+        exclude_list: None,
+        extensions: None,
+        options: make_credential::Options::default(),
+        pin_auth: None,
+        pin_protocol: None,
+    };
+
+    let credential: make_credential::Response =
+        my_authenticator.make_credential(reg_request).await?;
+
+    ctap2_creation_success(credential);
+
+    let auth_request = get_assertion::Request {
+        rp_id,
+        client_data_hash,
+        allow_list: None,
+        extensions: None,
+        options: make_credential::Options::default(),
+        pin_auth: None,
+        pin_protocol: None,
+    };
+
+    let response = my_authenticator.get_assertion(auth_request).await?;
+
+    Ok(response)
+}
+
+fn ctap2_creation_success(credential: make_credential::Response) {
+    println!(
+        "CTAP2 credential creation succeeded:\n\n{:?}\n\n",
+        credential
+    );
+}
+
+fn ctap2_auth_success(credential: get_assertion::Response) {
+    println!(
+        "CTAP2 credential authentication succeeded:\n\n{:?}\n\n",
+        credential
+    );
+}
+
+fn ctap2_credential_not_found() {
+    println!("CTAP2 error: Credential not found.");
+}
+
+fn ctap2_other_error(code: StatusCode) {
+    println!("CTAP2 error: Other Status Code: {:?}", code);
+}
+
+#[tokio::main]
+async fn main() -> Result<(), WebauthnError> {
+    let rp_url = Url::parse("https://example.com/").expect("Should Parse");
+    let user_entity = PublicKeyCredentialUserEntity {
+        id: random_vec(32).into(),
+        display_name: "Hatter Jiang".into(),
+        name: "jpasskey@example.org".into(),
+    };
+
+    // Set up a client, create and authenticate a credential, then report results.
+    let (created_cred, authed_cred) = client_setup(
+        random_vec(32).into(), // challenge_bytes_from_rp
+        PublicKeyCredentialParameters {
+            ty: PublicKeyCredentialType::PublicKey,
+            alg: iana::Algorithm::ES256,
+        },
+        &rp_url, // origin
+        user_entity.clone(),
+    )
+        .await?;
+
+    println!("Webauthn credential created:\n\n{:?}\n\n", created_cred);
+    println!("Webauthn credential auth'ed:\n\n{:?}\n\n", authed_cred);
+
+    // Generate the client_data_hash from the created_cred response
+    let client_data_hash = sha256(&created_cred.response.client_data_json).to_vec();
+
+    // Authenticator Version
+    let authenticator_result = authenticator_setup(
+        user_entity,
+        client_data_hash.into(),
+        PublicKeyCredentialParameters {
+            ty: PublicKeyCredentialType::PublicKey,
+            alg: iana::Algorithm::ES256,
+        },
+        rp_url
+            .domain()
+            .expect("Our example should unwrap.")
+            .to_string(), // tld_from_rp
+    )
+        .await;
+
+    match authenticator_result {
+        Ok(authresponse) => {
+            ctap2_auth_success(authresponse);
+        }
+        Err(StatusCode::Ctap2(Ctap2Code::Known(Ctap2Error::NoCredentials))) => {
+            ctap2_credential_not_found()
+        }
+        Err(status_code) => ctap2_other_error(status_code),
+    };
+
+    Ok(())
+}

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__database/native_db-demo/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+[package]
+name = "native_db-demo"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+
+# See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html
+
+[dependencies]
+native_db = "0.6.0"
+native_model = "0.4.18"
+serde = "1.0.200"

__database/native_db-demo/src/main.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+use native_db::*;
+use native_model::Model;
+use native_model::native_model;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq, Debug)]
+#[native_model(id = 1, version = 1)]
+#[native_db]
+struct Item {
+    #[primary_key]
+    id: u32,
+    #[secondary_key]
+    name: String,
+}
+
+fn main() -> Result<(), db_type::Error> {
+    let mut builder = DatabaseBuilder::new();
+    // Initialize the model
+    builder.define::<Item>()?;
+
+    // Create a database in memory
+    let db = builder.create_in_memory()?;
+
+    // Insert data (open a read-write transaction)
+    let rw = db.rw_transaction().unwrap();
+    rw.insert(Item { id: 1, name: "red".to_string() })?;
+    rw.insert(Item { id: 2, name: "green".to_string() })?;
+    rw.insert(Item { id: 3, name: "blue".to_string() })?;
+    rw.commit()?;
+
+    // Open a read-only transaction
+    let r = db.r_transaction()?;
+    // Retrieve data with id=3 
+    let retrieve_data: Item = r.get().primary(3_u32)?.unwrap();
+    println!("data id='3': {:?}", retrieve_data);
+    // Iterate items with name starting with "red"
+    for item in r.scan().secondary::<Item>(ItemKey::name)?.start_with("red") {
+        println!("data name=\"red\": {:?}", item);
+    }
+
+    // Remove data (open a read-write transaction)
+    let rw = db.rw_transaction()?;
+    rw.remove(retrieve_data)?;
+    rw.commit()?;
+    Ok(())
+}

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__network/axum-demo/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+[package]
+name = "axum-demo"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2024"
+
+[dependencies]
+axum = "0.8.1"
+serde = { version = "1.0.219", features = ["derive"] }
+tokio = { version = "1.44.1", features = ["macros", "rt-multi-thread"] }
+tracing-subscriber = "0.3.19"

__network/axum-demo/src/main.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+use axum::{
+    routing::{get, post},
+    http::StatusCode,
+    Json, Router,
+};
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+
+#[tokio::main]
+async fn main() {
+    // initialize tracing
+    tracing_subscriber::fmt::init();
+
+    // build our application with a route
+    let app = Router::new()
+        // `GET /` goes to `root`
+        .route("/", get(root))
+        // `POST /users` goes to `create_user`
+        .route("/users", post(create_user));
+
+    // run our app with hyper, listening globally on port 3000
+    let listener = tokio::net::TcpListener::bind("0.0.0.0:3000").await.unwrap();
+    axum::serve(listener, app).await.unwrap();
+}
+
+// basic handler that responds with a static string
+async fn root() -> &'static str {
+    "Hello, World!"
+}
+
+async fn create_user(
+    // this argument tells axum to parse the request body
+    // as JSON into a `CreateUser` type
+    Json(payload): Json<CreateUser>,
+) -> (StatusCode, Json<User>) {
+    // insert your application logic here
+    let user = User {
+        id: 1337,
+        username: payload.username,
+    };
+
+    // this will be converted into a JSON response
+    // with a status code of `201 Created`
+    (StatusCode::CREATED, Json(user))
+}
+
+// the input to our `create_user` handler
+#[derive(Deserialize)]
+struct CreateUser {
+    username: String,
+}
+
+// the output to our `create_user` handler
+#[derive(Serialize)]
+struct User {
+    id: u64,
+    username: String,
+}

__network/dns-server-tutorial/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+# DNS Server in Rust
+
+This repository contains the code for a **DNS server implemented in Rust**, as part of the tutorial [**Building a DNS Server in Rust**](https://rust-trends.com/posts/building-a-dns-server-in-rust/)  . The tutorial covers:
+ - Understanding DNS requests and responses.
+ - Handling UDP packets in Rust.
+ - Parsing and constructing DNS packets.
+ - Implementing decompression of DNS packets.
+ - Forwarding DNS queries to resolvers.
+
+## 📖 Tutorial
+For a step-by-step guide, check out the full tutorial:
+[Building a DNS Server in Rust: Part 1 of 2](https://rust-trends.com/posts/building-a-dns-server-in-rust/)
+
+## 🛠 Installation
+
+Ensure you have **Rust** installed:
+```sh
+curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh
+```
+
+## Clone this repository:
+
+```sh
+git clone https://github.com/Rust-Trends/dns-server-tutorial.git
+cd dns-server-tutorial
+```
+
+## 🚀 Running the Server
+
+Goto to the step you want to explore, e.g. step1, and start the DNS server on port 1053:
+
+```sh
+cd step1
+cargo run
+```
+
+## 🔍 Testing with dig
+
+To test your server, open another terminal and run:
+
+```sh
+dig @localhost -p 1053 www.rust-trends.com
+```
+
+## 🤝 Contributions
+
+Feel free to open issues or submit pull requests to improve the project!
+
+📜 License: MIT

__network/dns-server-tutorial/step1/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+[package]
+name = "dns-server"
+authors = ["Bob Peters <contact@rust-trends.com>"] 
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+
+[dependencies]
+clap = { version = "4.5.29", features = ["derive"] }
+thiserror = "2.0.11"

__network/dns-server-tutorial/step1/src/dns.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+// src/dns.rs
+use thiserror::Error;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Error)]
+pub enum ErrorCondition {
+    #[error("Serialization Error: {0}")]
+    SerializationErr(String),
+
+    #[error("Deserialization Error: {0}")]
+    DeserializationErr(String),
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct Header {
+    pub id: u16,      // identifier
+    pub qr: bool,     // 0 for query, 1 for response
+    pub opcode: u8,   // 0 for standard query
+    pub aa: bool,     // authoritative answer
+    pub tc: bool,     // truncated message
+    pub rd: bool,     // recursion desired
+    pub ra: bool,     // recursion available
+    pub z: u8,        // reserved for future use
+    pub rcode: u8,    // 0 for no error
+    pub qdcount: u16, // number of entries in the question section
+    pub ancount: u16, // number of resource records in the answer section
+    pub nscount: u16, // number of name server resource records in the authority records section
+    pub arcount: u16, // number of resource records in the additional records section
+}
+
+impl Header {
+    const DNS_HEADER_LEN: usize = 12;
+
+    // Serialize the header to a byte array
+    pub fn to_bytes(&self) -> Vec<u8> {
+        let mut buf = Vec::with_capacity(Header::DNS_HEADER_LEN);
+
+        buf.extend_from_slice(&self.id.to_be_bytes());
+        buf.push(
+            (self.qr as u8) << 7
+                | self.opcode << 3
+                | (self.aa as u8) << 2
+                | (self.tc as u8) << 1
+                | self.rd as u8,
+        );
+        buf.push((self.ra as u8) << 7 | self.z << 4 | self.rcode);
+        buf.extend_from_slice(&self.qdcount.to_be_bytes());
+        buf.extend_from_slice(&self.ancount.to_be_bytes());
+        buf.extend_from_slice(&self.nscount.to_be_bytes());
+        buf.extend_from_slice(&self.arcount.to_be_bytes());
+
+        buf
+    }
+
+    // Deserialize the header from a byte array
+    pub fn from_bytes(buf: &[u8]) -> Result<Header, ErrorCondition> {
+        if buf.len() < Header::DNS_HEADER_LEN {
+            return Err(ErrorCondition::DeserializationErr(
+                "Buffer length is less than header length".to_string(),
+            ));
+        }
+
+        Ok(Header {
+            id: u16::from_be_bytes([buf[0], buf[1]]),
+            qr: (buf[2] & 0b1000_0000) != 0,
+            opcode: (buf[2] & 0b0111_1000) >> 3,
+            aa: (buf[2] & 0b0000_0100) != 0,
+            tc: (buf[2] & 0b0000_0010) != 0,
+            rd: (buf[2] & 0b0000_0001) != 0,
+            ra: (buf[3] & 0b1000_0000) != 0,
+            z: (buf[3] & 0b0111_0000) >> 4,
+            rcode: buf[3] & 0b0000_1111,
+            qdcount: u16::from_be_bytes([buf[4], buf[5]]),
+            ancount: u16::from_be_bytes([buf[6], buf[7]]),
+            nscount: u16::from_be_bytes([buf[8], buf[9]]),
+            arcount: u16::from_be_bytes([buf[10], buf[11]]),
+        })
+    }
+}

__network/dns-server-tutorial/step1/src/main.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+// src/main.rs
+use std::net::UdpSocket;
+
+mod dns;
+use dns::Header;
+
+// Debug print hex bytes of a buffer 16 bytes width followed by the ASCII representation of the bytes
+fn debug_print_bytes(buf: &[u8]) {
+    for (i, chunk) in buf.chunks(16).enumerate() {
+        print!("{:08x}: ", i * 16);
+        for byte in chunk {
+            print!("{:02x} ", byte);
+        }
+        for _ in 0..(16 - chunk.len()) {
+            print!("   ");
+        }
+        print!("  ");
+        for byte in chunk {
+            if *byte >= 32 && *byte <= 126 {
+                print!("{}", *byte as char);
+            } else {
+                print!(".");
+            }
+        }
+        println!();
+    }
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let socket = UdpSocket::bind("0.0.0.0:1053").expect("Could not bind to port 1053");
+    let mut buf = [0; 512];
+    
+    println!("DNS server is running at port 1053");
+
+    loop {
+        let (len, addr) = socket.recv_from(&mut buf).expect("Could not receive data");
+        
+        println!("\nReceived query from {} with length {} bytes", addr, len);
+        debug_print_bytes(&buf[..len]);
+        
+        let header = Header::from_bytes(&buf[..len]).expect("Could not parse DNS header");
+        println!("\n{:?}", header);
+    }
+}

__network/dns-server-tutorial/step2/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+[package]
+name = "dns-server"
+authors = ["Bob Peters <contact@rust-trends.com>"] 
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+
+[dependencies]
+clap = { version = "4.5.29", features = ["derive"] }
+thiserror = "2.0.11"

__network/dns-server-tutorial/step2/src/dns.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,306 @@
+// src/dns.rs
+use thiserror::Error;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Error)]
+pub enum ErrorCondition {
+    #[error("Serialization Error: {0}")]
+    SerializationErr(String),
+
+    #[error("Deserialization Error: {0}")]
+    DeserializationErr(String),
+
+    #[error("Invalid Label")]
+    InvalidLabel,
+}
+
+/// Maximum DNS message size without EDNS0
+const MAX_DNS_MESSAGE_SIZE: usize = 512;
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct Header {
+    pub id: u16,      // identifier
+    pub qr: bool,     // 0 for query, 1 for response
+    pub opcode: u8,   // 0 for standard query
+    pub aa: bool,     // authoritative answer
+    pub tc: bool,     // truncated message
+    pub rd: bool,     // recursion desired
+    pub ra: bool,     // recursion available
+    pub z: u8,        // reserved for future use
+    pub rcode: u8,    // 0 for no error
+    pub qdcount: u16, // number of entries in the question section
+    pub ancount: u16, // number of resource records in the answer section
+    pub nscount: u16, // number of name server resource records in the authority records section
+    pub arcount: u16, // number of resource records in the additional records section
+}
+
+impl Header {
+    const DNS_HEADER_LEN: usize = 12;
+
+    // Serialize the header to a byte array
+    pub fn to_bytes(&self) -> Vec<u8> {
+        let mut buf = Vec::with_capacity(Header::DNS_HEADER_LEN);
+
+        buf.extend_from_slice(&self.id.to_be_bytes());
+        buf.push(
+            (self.qr as u8) << 7
+                | self.opcode << 3
+                | (self.aa as u8) << 2
+                | (self.tc as u8) << 1
+                | self.rd as u8,
+        );
+        buf.push((self.ra as u8) << 7 | self.z << 4 | self.rcode);
+        buf.extend_from_slice(&self.qdcount.to_be_bytes());
+        buf.extend_from_slice(&self.ancount.to_be_bytes());
+        buf.extend_from_slice(&self.nscount.to_be_bytes());
+        buf.extend_from_slice(&self.arcount.to_be_bytes());
+
+        buf
+    }
+
+    // Deserialize the header from a byte array
+    pub fn from_bytes(buf: &[u8]) -> Result<Header, ErrorCondition> {
+        if buf.len() < Header::DNS_HEADER_LEN {
+            return Err(ErrorCondition::DeserializationErr(
+                "Buffer length is less than header length".to_string(),
+            ));
+        }
+
+        Ok(Header {
+            id: u16::from_be_bytes([buf[0], buf[1]]),
+            qr: (buf[2] & 0b1000_0000) != 0,
+            opcode: (buf[2] & 0b0111_1000) >> 3,
+            aa: (buf[2] & 0b0000_0100) != 0,
+            tc: (buf[2] & 0b0000_0010) != 0,
+            rd: (buf[2] & 0b0000_0001) != 0,
+            ra: (buf[3] & 0b1000_0000) != 0,
+            z: (buf[3] & 0b0111_0000) >> 4,
+            rcode: buf[3] & 0b0000_1111,
+            qdcount: u16::from_be_bytes([buf[4], buf[5]]),
+            ancount: u16::from_be_bytes([buf[6], buf[7]]),
+            nscount: u16::from_be_bytes([buf[8], buf[9]]),
+            arcount: u16::from_be_bytes([buf[10], buf[11]]),
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct Question {
+    pub name: Vec<Label>,
+    pub qtype: Type,
+    pub qclass: Class,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct Label(String);
+
+impl Label {
+    pub fn new(label: &[u8]) -> Result<Self, ErrorCondition> {
+        match std::str::from_utf8(label) {
+            Ok(s) => Ok(Label(s.to_string())),
+            Err(_) => Err(ErrorCondition::InvalidLabel),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
+        self.0.len()
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub enum Type {
+    // Below are Resource Record Types and QTYPES
+    A = 1,      // a host address
+    NS = 2,     // an authoritative name server
+    MD = 3,     // a mail destination (Obsolete - use MX)
+    MF = 4,     // a mail forwarder (Obsolete - use MX)
+    CNAME = 5,  // the canonical name for an alias
+    SOA = 6,    // marks the start of a zone of authority
+    MB = 7,     // a mailbox domain name (EXPERIMENTAL)
+    MG = 8,     // a mail group member (EXPERIMENTAL)
+    MR = 9,     // a mail rename domain name (EXPERIMENTAL)
+    NULL = 10,  // a null RR (EXPERIMENTAL)
+    WKS = 11,   // a well known service description
+    PTR = 12,   // a domain name pointer
+    HINFO = 13, // host information
+    MINFO = 14, // mailbox or mail list information
+    MX = 15,    // mail exchange
+    TXT = 16,   // text strings
+
+    // Below are only QTYPES
+    AXFR = 252,  // A request for a transfer of an entire zone
+    MAILB = 253, // A request for mailbox-related records (MB, MG or MR)
+    MAILA = 254, // A request for mail agent RRs (Obsolete - see MX)
+    _ALL_ = 255, // A request for all records
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub enum Class {
+    // Below are Resource Record Classes and QCLASS
+    IN = 1, // the Internet
+    CS = 2, // the CSNET class (Obsolete - used only for examples in some obsolete RFCs)
+    CH = 3, // the CHAOS class
+    HS = 4, // Hesiod [Dyer 87]
+
+    // Below are only QCLASSES
+    _ALL_ = 255,
+}
+
+impl std::fmt::Display for Type {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        let msg: &str = match self {
+            Type::A => "a host address",
+            Type::NS => "an authoritative name server",
+            Type::MD => "a mail destination (Obsolete - use MX)",
+            Type::MF => "a mail forwarder (Obsolete - use MX)",
+            Type::CNAME => "the canonical name for an alias",
+            Type::SOA => "marks the start of a zone of authority",
+            Type::MB => "a mailbox domain name (EXPERIMENTAL)",
+            Type::MG => "a mail group member (EXPERIMENTAL)",
+            Type::MR => "a mail rename domain name (EXPERIMENTAL)",
+            Type::NULL => "a null RR (EXPERIMENTAL)",
+            Type::WKS => "a well known service description",
+            Type::PTR => "a domain name pointer",
+            Type::HINFO => "host information",
+            Type::MINFO => "mailbox or mail list information",
+            Type::MX => "mail exchange",
+            Type::TXT => "text strings",
+            Type::AXFR => "A request for a transfer of an entire zone",
+            Type::MAILB => "A request for mailbox-related records (MB, MG or MR)",
+            Type::MAILA => "A request for mail agent RRs (Obsolete - see MX)",
+            Type::_ALL_ => "A request for all records",
+        };
+
+        write!(f, "{}", msg)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Type {
+    pub fn from_bytes(bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<Type, ErrorCondition> {
+        match u16::from_be_bytes([bytes[0], bytes[1]]) {
+            1 => Ok(Type::A),
+            2 => Ok(Type::NS),
+            3 => Ok(Type::MD),
+            4 => Ok(Type::MF),
+            5 => Ok(Type::CNAME),
+            6 => Ok(Type::SOA),
+            7 => Ok(Type::MB),
+            8 => Ok(Type::MG),
+            9 => Ok(Type::MR),
+            10 => Ok(Type::NULL),
+            11 => Ok(Type::WKS),
+            12 => Ok(Type::PTR),
+            13 => Ok(Type::HINFO),
+            14 => Ok(Type::MINFO),
+            15 => Ok(Type::MX),
+            16 => Ok(Type::TXT),
+            252 => Ok(Type::AXFR),
+            253 => Ok(Type::MAILB),
+            254 => Ok(Type::MAILA),
+            255 => Ok(Type::_ALL_),
+            n => Err(ErrorCondition::DeserializationErr(
+                format!("Unknown Question Type {}", n).to_string(),
+            )),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn to_bytes(&self) -> [u8; 2] {
+        let num = match self {
+            Type::A => 1,
+            Type::NS => 2,
+            Type::MD => 3,
+            Type::MF => 4,
+            Type::CNAME => 5,
+            Type::SOA => 6,
+            Type::MB => 7,
+            Type::MG => 8,
+            Type::MR => 9,
+            Type::NULL => 10,
+            Type::WKS => 11,
+            Type::PTR => 12,
+            Type::HINFO => 13,
+            Type::MINFO => 14,
+            Type::MX => 15,
+            Type::TXT => 16,
+            Type::AXFR => 252,
+            Type::MAILB => 253,
+            Type::MAILA => 254,
+            Type::_ALL_ => 255,
+        };
+
+        u16::to_be_bytes(num)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Class {
+    pub fn from_bytes(buf: &[u8]) -> Result<Self, ErrorCondition> {
+        let num = u16::from_be_bytes([buf[0], buf[1]]);
+        match num {
+            1 => Ok(Class::IN),
+            2 => Ok(Class::CS),
+            3 => Ok(Class::CH),
+            4 => Ok(Class::HS),
+            _ => Err(ErrorCondition::DeserializationErr(
+                format!("Unknown Question Class {}", num).to_string(),
+            )),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn to_bytes(&self) -> [u8; 2] {
+        let num = match self {
+            Class::IN => 1,
+            Class::CS => 2,
+            Class::CH => 3,
+            Class::HS => 4,
+            Class::_ALL_ => 255,
+        };
+
+        u16::to_be_bytes(num)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Question {
+    // The from_bytes() function reconstructs a Question struct by iterating through the buffer, extracting labels,
+    // parsing the query type and class.
+    pub fn from_bytes(buf: &[u8]) -> Result<Self, ErrorCondition> {
+        let mut index = 0;
+        let mut labels: Vec<Label> = Vec::new();
+
+        println!("Labels:");
+        while buf[index] != 0 {
+            let len = buf[index] as usize;
+            index += 1;
+            labels.push(Label::new(&buf[index..index + len])?);
+            println!("{:?}", labels); // For debugging purposes
+            index += len;
+        }
+
+        index += 1;
+
+        let qtype = Type::from_bytes(&buf[index..index + 2])?;
+        index += 2;
+        let qclass = Class::from_bytes(&buf[index..index + 2])?;
+
+        Ok(Question {
+            name: labels,
+            qtype,
+            qclass,
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub fn to_bytes(&self) -> Vec<u8> {
+        let mut buf = Vec::new();
+
+        // Write the labels to the buffer and add . inbetween and end with 0
+        for label in &self.name {
+            buf.push(label.len() as u8);
+            buf.extend_from_slice(label.0.as_bytes());
+        }
+        buf.push(0);
+
+        // Write the question type and class to the buffer
+        buf.extend_from_slice(&self.qtype.to_bytes());
+        buf.extend_from_slice(&self.qclass.to_bytes());
+
+        buf
+    }
+}

__network/dns-server-tutorial/step2/src/main.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+// src/main.rs
+use std::net::UdpSocket;
+
+mod dns;
+use dns::{Header, Question};
+
+// Debug print hex bytes of a buffer 16 bytes width followed by the ASCII representation of the bytes
+fn debug_print_bytes(buf: &[u8]) {
+    for (i, chunk) in buf.chunks(16).enumerate() {
+        print!("{:08x}: ", i * 16);
+        for byte in chunk {
+            print!("{:02x} ", byte);
+        }
+        for _ in 0..(16 - chunk.len()) {
+            print!("   ");
+        }
+        print!("  ");
+        for byte in chunk {
+            if *byte >= 32 && *byte <= 126 {
+                print!("{}", *byte as char);
+            } else {
+                print!(".");
+            }
+        }
+        println!();
+    }
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let socket = UdpSocket::bind("0.0.0.0:1053").expect("Could not bind to port 1053");
+    let mut buf = [0; 512];
+
+    println!("DNS server is running at port 1053");
+
+    loop {
+        let (len, addr) = socket.recv_from(&mut buf).expect("Could not receive data");
+
+        println!("\nReceived query from {} with length {} bytes", addr, len);
+        println!("\n### DNS Query: ###");
+        debug_print_bytes(&buf[..len]);
+
+        let header = Header::from_bytes(&buf[..12]).expect("Could not parse DNS header");
+        println!("\n{:?}", header);
+
+        println!("\n### Question: ###");
+        debug_print_bytes(&buf[12..len]);
+        println!();
+
+        let question = Question::from_bytes(&buf[12..len]).expect("Could not parse DNS question");
+        println!("\n{:?}", question);
+    }
+}

__network/dns-server-tutorial/step3/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+[package]
+name = "dns-server"
+authors = ["Bob Peters <contact@rust-trends.com>"] 
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+
+[dependencies]
+clap = { version = "4.5.29", features = ["derive"] }
+thiserror = "2.0.11"

__network/dns-server-tutorial/step3/src/dns.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,349 @@
+// src/dns.rs
+use thiserror::Error;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Error)]
+pub enum ErrorCondition {
+    #[error("Serialization Error: {0}")]
+    SerializationErr(String),
+
+    #[error("Deserialization Error: {0}")]
+    DeserializationErr(String),
+
+    #[error("Invalid Label")]
+    InvalidLabel,
+}
+
+/// Maximum DNS message size without EDNS0
+const MAX_DNS_MESSAGE_SIZE: usize = 512;
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct Header {
+    pub id: u16,      // identifier
+    pub qr: bool,     // 0 for query, 1 for response
+    pub opcode: u8,   // 0 for standard query
+    pub aa: bool,     // authoritative answer
+    pub tc: bool,     // truncated message
+    pub rd: bool,     // recursion desired
+    pub ra: bool,     // recursion available
+    pub z: u8,        // reserved for future use
+    pub rcode: u8,    // 0 for no error
+    pub qdcount: u16, // number of entries in the question section
+    pub ancount: u16, // number of resource records in the answer section
+    pub nscount: u16, // number of name server resource records in the authority records section
+    pub arcount: u16, // number of resource records in the additional records section
+}
+
+impl Header {
+    const DNS_HEADER_LEN: usize = 12;
+
+    // Serialize the header to a byte array
+    pub fn to_bytes(&self) -> Vec<u8> {
+        let mut buf = Vec::with_capacity(Header::DNS_HEADER_LEN);
+
+        buf.extend_from_slice(&self.id.to_be_bytes());
+        buf.push(
+            (self.qr as u8) << 7
+                | self.opcode << 3
+                | (self.aa as u8) << 2
+                | (self.tc as u8) << 1
+                | self.rd as u8,
+        );
+        buf.push((self.ra as u8) << 7 | self.z << 4 | self.rcode);
+        buf.extend_from_slice(&self.qdcount.to_be_bytes());
+        buf.extend_from_slice(&self.ancount.to_be_bytes());
+        buf.extend_from_slice(&self.nscount.to_be_bytes());
+        buf.extend_from_slice(&self.arcount.to_be_bytes());
+
+        buf
+    }
+
+    // Deserialize the header from a byte array
+    pub fn from_bytes(buf: &[u8]) -> Result<Header, ErrorCondition> {
+        if buf.len() < Header::DNS_HEADER_LEN {
+            return Err(ErrorCondition::DeserializationErr(
+                "Buffer length is less than header length".to_string(),
+            ));
+        }
+
+        Ok(Header {
+            id: u16::from_be_bytes([buf[0], buf[1]]),
+            qr: (buf[2] & 0b1000_0000) != 0,
+            opcode: (buf[2] & 0b0111_1000) >> 3,
+            aa: (buf[2] & 0b0000_0100) != 0,
+            tc: (buf[2] & 0b0000_0010) != 0,
+            rd: (buf[2] & 0b0000_0001) != 0,
+            ra: (buf[3] & 0b1000_0000) != 0,
+            z: (buf[3] & 0b0111_0000) >> 4,
+            rcode: buf[3] & 0b0000_1111,
+            qdcount: u16::from_be_bytes([buf[4], buf[5]]),
+            ancount: u16::from_be_bytes([buf[6], buf[7]]),
+            nscount: u16::from_be_bytes([buf[8], buf[9]]),
+            arcount: u16::from_be_bytes([buf[10], buf[11]]),
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct Question {
+    pub name: Vec<Label>,
+    pub qtype: Type,
+    pub qclass: Class,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct Label(String);
+
+impl Label {
+    pub fn new(label: &[u8]) -> Result<Self, ErrorCondition> {
+        match std::str::from_utf8(label) {
+            Ok(s) => Ok(Label(s.to_string())),
+            Err(_) => Err(ErrorCondition::InvalidLabel),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
+        self.0.len()
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub enum Type {
+    // Below are Resource Record Types and QTYPES
+    A = 1,      // a host address
+    NS = 2,     // an authoritative name server
+    MD = 3,     // a mail destination (Obsolete - use MX)
+    MF = 4,     // a mail forwarder (Obsolete - use MX)
+    CNAME = 5,  // the canonical name for an alias
+    SOA = 6,    // marks the start of a zone of authority
+    MB = 7,     // a mailbox domain name (EXPERIMENTAL)
+    MG = 8,     // a mail group member (EXPERIMENTAL)
+    MR = 9,     // a mail rename domain name (EXPERIMENTAL)
+    NULL = 10,  // a null RR (EXPERIMENTAL)
+    WKS = 11,   // a well known service description
+    PTR = 12,   // a domain name pointer
+    HINFO = 13, // host information
+    MINFO = 14, // mailbox or mail list information
+    MX = 15,    // mail exchange
+    TXT = 16,   // text strings
+
+    // Below are only QTYPES
+    AXFR = 252,  // A request for a transfer of an entire zone
+    MAILB = 253, // A request for mailbox-related records (MB, MG or MR)
+    MAILA = 254, // A request for mail agent RRs (Obsolete - see MX)
+    _ALL_ = 255, // A request for all records
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub enum Class {
+    // Below are Resource Record Classes and QCLASS
+    IN = 1, // the Internet
+    CS = 2, // the CSNET class (Obsolete - used only for examples in some obsolete RFCs)
+    CH = 3, // the CHAOS class
+    HS = 4, // Hesiod [Dyer 87]
+
+    // Below are only QCLASSES
+    _ALL_ = 255,
+}
+
+impl std::fmt::Display for Type {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        let msg: &str = match self {
+            Type::A => "a host address",
+            Type::NS => "an authoritative name server",
+            Type::MD => "a mail destination (Obsolete - use MX)",
+            Type::MF => "a mail forwarder (Obsolete - use MX)",
+            Type::CNAME => "the canonical name for an alias",
+            Type::SOA => "marks the start of a zone of authority",
+            Type::MB => "a mailbox domain name (EXPERIMENTAL)",
+            Type::MG => "a mail group member (EXPERIMENTAL)",
+            Type::MR => "a mail rename domain name (EXPERIMENTAL)",
+            Type::NULL => "a null RR (EXPERIMENTAL)",
+            Type::WKS => "a well known service description",
+            Type::PTR => "a domain name pointer",
+            Type::HINFO => "host information",
+            Type::MINFO => "mailbox or mail list information",
+            Type::MX => "mail exchange",
+            Type::TXT => "text strings",
+            Type::AXFR => "A request for a transfer of an entire zone",
+            Type::MAILB => "A request for mailbox-related records (MB, MG or MR)",
+            Type::MAILA => "A request for mail agent RRs (Obsolete - see MX)",
+            Type::_ALL_ => "A request for all records",
+        };
+
+        write!(f, "{}", msg)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Type {
+    pub fn from_bytes(bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<Type, ErrorCondition> {
+        match u16::from_be_bytes([bytes[0], bytes[1]]) {
+            1 => Ok(Type::A),
+            2 => Ok(Type::NS),
+            3 => Ok(Type::MD),
+            4 => Ok(Type::MF),
+            5 => Ok(Type::CNAME),
+            6 => Ok(Type::SOA),
+            7 => Ok(Type::MB),
+            8 => Ok(Type::MG),
+            9 => Ok(Type::MR),
+            10 => Ok(Type::NULL),
+            11 => Ok(Type::WKS),
+            12 => Ok(Type::PTR),
+            13 => Ok(Type::HINFO),
+            14 => Ok(Type::MINFO),
+            15 => Ok(Type::MX),
+            16 => Ok(Type::TXT),
+            252 => Ok(Type::AXFR),
+            253 => Ok(Type::MAILB),
+            254 => Ok(Type::MAILA),
+            255 => Ok(Type::_ALL_),
+            n => Err(ErrorCondition::DeserializationErr(
+                format!("Unknown Question Type {}", n).to_string(),
+            )),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn to_bytes(&self) -> [u8; 2] {
+        let num = match self {
+            Type::A => 1,
+            Type::NS => 2,
+            Type::MD => 3,
+            Type::MF => 4,
+            Type::CNAME => 5,
+            Type::SOA => 6,
+            Type::MB => 7,
+            Type::MG => 8,
+            Type::MR => 9,
+            Type::NULL => 10,
+            Type::WKS => 11,
+            Type::PTR => 12,
+            Type::HINFO => 13,
+            Type::MINFO => 14,
+            Type::MX => 15,
+            Type::TXT => 16,
+            Type::AXFR => 252,
+            Type::MAILB => 253,
+            Type::MAILA => 254,
+            Type::_ALL_ => 255,
+        };
+
+        u16::to_be_bytes(num)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Class {
+    pub fn from_bytes(buf: &[u8]) -> Result<Self, ErrorCondition> {
+        let num = u16::from_be_bytes([buf[0], buf[1]]);
+        match num {
+            1 => Ok(Class::IN),
+            2 => Ok(Class::CS),
+            3 => Ok(Class::CH),
+            4 => Ok(Class::HS),
+            _ => Err(ErrorCondition::DeserializationErr(
+                format!("Unknown Question Class {}", num).to_string(),
+            )),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn to_bytes(&self) -> [u8; 2] {
+        let num = match self {
+            Class::IN => 1,
+            Class::CS => 2,
+            Class::CH => 3,
+            Class::HS => 4,
+            Class::_ALL_ => 255,
+        };
+
+        u16::to_be_bytes(num)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Question {
+    // The from_bytes() function reconstructs a Question struct by iterating through the buffer, extracting labels,
+    // parsing the query type and class.
+    pub fn from_bytes(buf: &[u8]) -> Result<Self, ErrorCondition> {
+        let mut index = 0;
+        let mut labels: Vec<Label> = Vec::new();
+
+        println!("Labels:");
+        while buf[index] != 0 {
+            let len = buf[index] as usize;
+            index += 1;
+            labels.push(Label::new(&buf[index..index + len])?);
+            println!("{:?}", labels); // For debugging purposes
+            index += len;
+        }
+
+        index += 1;
+
+        let qtype = Type::from_bytes(&buf[index..index + 2])?;
+        index += 2;
+        let qclass = Class::from_bytes(&buf[index..index + 2])?;
+
+        Ok(Question {
+            name: labels,
+            qtype,
+            qclass,
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub fn to_bytes(&self) -> Vec<u8> {
+        let mut buf = Vec::new();
+
+        // Write the labels to the buffer and add . inbetween and end with 0
+        for label in &self.name {
+            buf.push(label.len() as u8);
+            buf.extend_from_slice(label.0.as_bytes());
+        }
+        buf.push(0);
+
+        // Write the question type and class to the buffer
+        buf.extend_from_slice(&self.qtype.to_bytes());
+        buf.extend_from_slice(&self.qclass.to_bytes());
+
+        buf
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct ResourceRecord {
+    pub name: String,
+    pub rtype: Type,
+    pub rclass: Class,
+    pub ttl: u32,
+    pub rdlength: u16,
+    pub rdata: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+impl Default for ResourceRecord {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        ResourceRecord {
+            name: String::from("www.rust-trends.com"),
+            rtype: Type::A,
+            rclass: Class::IN,
+            ttl: 60,
+            rdlength: 4,
+            rdata: Vec::from([172, 67, 221, 148]),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl ResourceRecord {
+    pub fn to_bytes(&self) -> Vec<u8> {
+        let mut buf = Vec::with_capacity(MAX_DNS_MESSAGE_SIZE);
+
+        self.name.split('.').for_each(|label| {
+            buf.push(label.len() as u8);
+            buf.extend_from_slice(label.as_bytes());
+        });
+
+        buf.push(0);
+        buf.extend_from_slice(&self.rtype.to_bytes());
+        buf.extend_from_slice(&self.rclass.to_bytes());
+        buf.extend_from_slice(&self.ttl.to_be_bytes());
+        buf.extend_from_slice(&self.rdlength.to_be_bytes());
+        buf.extend_from_slice(&self.rdata);
+
+        buf
+    }
+}

__network/dns-server-tutorial/step3/src/main.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+// src/main.rs
+use std::net::UdpSocket;
+
+mod dns;
+use dns::{Header, Question, ResourceRecord};
+
+// Debug print hex bytes of a buffer 16 bytes width followed by the ASCII representation of the bytes
+fn debug_print_bytes(buf: &[u8]) {
+    for (i, chunk) in buf.chunks(16).enumerate() {
+        print!("{:08x}: ", i * 16);
+        for byte in chunk {
+            print!("{:02x} ", byte);
+        }
+        for _ in 0..(16 - chunk.len()) {
+            print!("   ");
+        }
+        print!("  ");
+        for byte in chunk {
+            if *byte >= 32 && *byte <= 126 {
+                print!("{}", *byte as char);
+            } else {
+                print!(".");
+            }
+        }
+        println!();
+    }
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let socket = UdpSocket::bind("0.0.0.0:1053").expect("Could not bind to port 1053");
+    let mut buf = [0; 512];
+
+    println!("DNS server is running at port 1053");
+
+    loop {
+        let (len, addr) = socket.recv_from(&mut buf).expect("Could not receive data");
+
+        println!("\nReceived query from {} with length {} bytes", addr, len);
+        println!("\n### DNS Query: ###");
+        debug_print_bytes(&buf[..len]);
+
+        let header = Header::from_bytes(&buf[..12]).expect("Could not parse DNS header");
+        println!("\n{:?}", header);
+
+        println!("\n### Question: ###");
+        debug_print_bytes(&buf[12..len]);
+        println!();
+
+        let question = Question::from_bytes(&buf[12..len]).expect("Could not parse DNS question");
+        println!("\n{:?}", question);
+
+        // We parsed the DNS query and question, now we can respond to it
+        let answer = ResourceRecord::default();
+
+        println!("{:?}", answer);
+
+        let response_header = Header {
+            id: header.id,
+            qr: true,              // It is a query response
+            opcode: header.opcode, // Standard query
+            aa: false,             // Not authoritative
+            tc: false,             // Not truncated
+            rd: header.rd,         // Recursion desired
+            ra: false,             // Recursion not available
+            z: 0,                  // Reserved
+            rcode: if header.opcode == 0 { 0 } else { 4 },
+            qdcount: 1, // Question count we assume is 1
+            ancount: 1, // Answer count is 1
+            nscount: 0, // Name server count is 0
+            arcount: 0, // Additional record count is 0
+        };
+
+        // Create a response message with the header and question
+        let mut response: Vec<u8> = Vec::new();
+        response.extend_from_slice(&response_header.to_bytes());
+        response.extend_from_slice(&question.to_bytes());
+        response.extend_from_slice(&answer.to_bytes());
+
+        // Send the response back to the client
+        socket
+            .send_to(&response, addr)
+            .expect("Could not send response");
+    }
+}

__network/pingora-demo/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+[package]
+name = "pingora-demo"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2024"
+
+[dependencies]
+pingora-core = "0.2"
+pingora-proxy = "0.2"
+tokio = { version = "1.0", features = ["full"] }
+async-trait = "0.1"
+mime_guess = "2.0"
+headers = "0.3"
+
+

__network/pingora-demo/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+
+
+> Copied from: https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/RHSy2EeK3XTRYXtOSCO0Ug
+> https://play.hatter.me/doc/showDocDetail.jssp?id=8495
+
+

__network/pingora-demo/src/main.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+use async_trait::async_trait;
+use headers::{ContentLength, ContentType};
+use pingora_core::server::Server;
+use pingora_proxy::{ProxyHttp, Session};
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+use std::sync::Arc;
+use mime_guess::from_path;
+
+struct StaticFileServer {
+    root_dir: PathBuf,
+}
+
+impl StaticFileServer {
+    fn new(root: impl AsRef<Path>) -> Self {
+        StaticFileServer {
+            root_dir: root.as_ref().to_path_buf(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[async_trait]
+impl ProxyHttp for StaticFileServer {
+    async fn response_filter(&self, session: &mut Session, response: &mut pingora_http::Response) {
+        let path = session.req_header().uri.path();
+        let file_path = self.root_dir.join(&path[1..]); // 去除前导/
+
+        if let Ok(metadata) = tokio::fs::metadata(&file_path).await {
+            if metadata.is_file() {
+                if let Ok(file) = tokio::fs::read(&file_path).await {
+                    // 设置正确的Content-Type
+                    let mime = from_path(&file_path).first_or_octet_stream();
+                    response.headers_mut().insert(
+                        headers::CONTENT_TYPE,
+                        ContentType::from(mime).to_string().parse().unwrap(),
+                    );
+
+                    // 设置Content-Length
+                    response.headers_mut().insert(
+                        headers::CONTENT_LENGTH,
+                        ContentLength(metadata.len()).to_string().parse().unwrap(),
+                    );
+
+                    // 设置缓存头（CDN关键配置）
+                    response.headers_mut().insert(
+                        "cache-control",
+                        "public, max-age=31536000".parse().unwrap(), // 1年缓存
+                    );
+
+                    *response.body_mut() = file.into();
+                    response.set_status(200);
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // 文件不存在
+        *response.status_mut() = 404;
+        *response.body_mut() = b"Not Found".to_vec().into();
+    }
+}
+
+#[tokio::main]
+async fn main() {
+    // 1. 初始化服务器
+    let mut server = Server::new(Some("Static File Server")).unwrap();
+    server.bootstrap();
+
+    // 2. 创建文件服务（假设静态文件在./static目录）
+    let static_service = StaticFileServer::new("./static");
+    let mut service = pingora_proxy::http_proxy_service(&server.configuration, static_service);
+
+    // 3. 监听端口
+    service.add_tcp("0.0.0.0:8080");
+
+    // 4. 启动服务
+    server.add_service(service);
+    println!("Static file server running on :8080");
+    server.run_forever();
+}
+

__network/tcp-connect-reset/Cargo.lock

@@ -0,0 +1,339 @@
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__network/tcp-connect-reset/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+[package]
+name = "tcp-connect-reset"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2024"
+
+[dependencies]
+tokio = { version = "1.45.1", features = ["full"] }

__network/tcp-connect-reset/src/main.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+use std::net::SocketAddr;
+use std::time::Duration;
+use tokio::io::AsyncWriteExt;
+use tokio::net::TcpSocket;
+
+#[tokio::main]
+async fn main() {
+    let addr: SocketAddr = "127.0.0.1".parse().unwrap();
+    let _ = connect_and_reset(addr).await;
+}
+
+async fn connect_and_reset(addr: SocketAddr) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let socket = match TcpSocket::new_v4() {
+        Ok(s) => s,
+        Err(e) => return Err(e.to_string()),
+    };
+    let mut stream = match socket.connect(addr).await {
+        Ok(s) => s,
+        Err(e) => return Err(e.to_string()),
+    };
+    if let Err(e) = stream
+        .write_all(b"GET /test HTTP/1.0\r\nHost: 127.0.0.1\r\n\r\n")
+        .await
+    {
+        return Err(e.to_string());
+    }
+    // cause reset
+    stream.set_linger(Some(Duration::from_millis(0))).ok();
+    Ok(())
+}

__security/keyring-demo/Cargo.lock

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__security/keyring-demo/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+[package]
+name = "keyring-demo"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2024"
+
+[dependencies]
+keyring = { version = "3.6.3", features = ["apple-native"] }

__security/keyring-demo/src/main.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+use keyring::{Entry, Result};
+
+fn main() -> Result<()> {
+    let entry = Entry::new("my-service", "my-name")?;
+    entry.set_password("topS3cr3tP4$$w0rd")?;
+    let password = entry.get_password()?;
+    println!("My password is '{}'", password);
+    entry.delete_credential()?;
+    Ok(())
+}

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+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-"checksum serde_json 1.0.44 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)" = "48c575e0cc52bdd09b47f330f646cf59afc586e9c4e3ccd6fc1f625b8ea1dad7"
+checksum = "c0fdd3ddb90610c7638aa2b3a3ab2904fb9e5cdbecc643ddb3647212781c4ae3"
-"checksum syn 1.0.13 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)" = "1e4ff033220a41d1a57d8125eab57bf5263783dfdcc18688b1dacc6ce9651ef8"
+dependencies = [
-"checksum time 0.1.42 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)" = "db8dcfca086c1143c9270ac42a2bbd8a7ee477b78ac8e45b19abfb0cbede4b6f"
+ "windows-implement",
-"checksum unicode-xid 0.2.0 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)" = "826e7639553986605ec5979c7dd957c7895e93eabed50ab2ffa7f6128a75097c"
+ "windows-interface",
-"checksum winapi 0.3.8 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)" = "8093091eeb260906a183e6ae1abdba2ef5ef2257a21801128899c3fc699229c6"
+ "windows-link",
-"checksum winapi-i686-pc-windows-gnu 0.4.0 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)" = "ac3b87c63620426dd9b991e5ce0329eff545bccbbb34f3be09ff6fb6ab51b7b6"
+ "windows-result",
-"checksum winapi-x86_64-pc-windows-gnu 0.4.0 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)" = "712e227841d057c1ee1cd2fb22fa7e5a5461ae8e48fa2ca79ec42cfc1931183f"
+ "windows-strings",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "windows-implement"
+version = "0.60.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "a47fddd13af08290e67f4acabf4b459f647552718f683a7b415d290ac744a836"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "windows-interface"
+version = "0.59.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "bd9211b69f8dcdfa817bfd14bf1c97c9188afa36f4750130fcdf3f400eca9fa8"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "windows-link"
+version = "0.1.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "5e6ad25900d524eaabdbbb96d20b4311e1e7ae1699af4fb28c17ae66c80d798a"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "windows-result"
+version = "0.3.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "56f42bd332cc6c8eac5af113fc0c1fd6a8fd2aa08a0119358686e5160d0586c6"
+dependencies = [
+ "windows-link",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "windows-strings"
+version = "0.4.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "56e6c93f3a0c3b36176cb1327a4958a0353d5d166c2a35cb268ace15e91d3b57"
+dependencies = [
+ "windows-link",
+]

__serialization/serde_json/src/main.rs

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use serde_json::{Result, Value};
 use chrono::{DateTime, Utc, TimeZone};
 
+// alternative JSON for human: https://crates.io/crates/json5
 mod my_date_format {
     use chrono::{DateTime, Utc, TimeZone};
     use serde::{self, Deserialize, Serializer, Deserializer};
@@ -50,6 +51,20 @@ struct TestStruct {
 struct TestStruct2 {
     test_id: i32,
     test_name: String,
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    test_description: Option<String>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(untagged)]
+pub enum StringOrStringArray {
+    String(String),
+    Vec(Vec<String>),
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+struct TestStruct3 {
+    sub: StringOrStringArray,
 }
 
 fn main() -> Result<()> {
@@ -82,7 +97,7 @@ fn main() -> Result<()> {
     });
     println!("{}", &john);
 
-    if let Option::Some(ref mut m) = john.as_object_mut() {
+    if let Some(ref mut m) = john.as_object_mut() {
         m.insert("test".into(), Value::Bool(true));
         m.insert("test2".into(), Value::String("hello world".into()));
     }
@@ -91,8 +106,15 @@ fn main() -> Result<()> {
     let test_struct2 = TestStruct2 {
         test_id: 1,
         test_name: "Hatter".into(),
+        test_description: None,
     };
     println!("{}", serde_json::to_string(&test_struct2)?);
 
+    println!();
+    let test_struct3_1: TestStruct3 = serde_json::from_str("{\"sub\": \"name\"}")?;
+    println!("{}", serde_json::to_string_pretty(&test_struct3_1)?);
+    let test_struct3_2: TestStruct3 = serde_json::from_str("{\"sub\": [\"name1\", \"name2\"]}")?;
+    println!("{}", serde_json::to_string_pretty(&test_struct3_2)?);
+
     Ok(())
 }

__term/tui-markup-demo/Cargo.lock

@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+# This file is automatically @generated by Cargo.
+# It is not intended for manual editing.
+version = 4
+
+[[package]]
+name = "ansi_term"
+version = "0.12.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "d52a9bb7ec0cf484c551830a7ce27bd20d67eac647e1befb56b0be4ee39a55d2"
+dependencies = [
+ "winapi",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "bytecount"
+version = "0.6.9"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "175812e0be2bccb6abe50bb8d566126198344f707e304f45c648fd8f2cc0365e"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "memchr"
+version = "2.7.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "32a282da65faaf38286cf3be983213fcf1d2e2a58700e808f83f4ea9a4804bc0"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "minimal-lexical"
+version = "0.2.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "68354c5c6bd36d73ff3feceb05efa59b6acb7626617f4962be322a825e61f79a"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "nom"
+version = "7.1.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "d273983c5a657a70a3e8f2a01329822f3b8c8172b73826411a55751e404a0a4a"
+dependencies = [
+ "memchr",
+ "minimal-lexical",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "nom_locate"
+version = "4.2.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "1e3c83c053b0713da60c5b8de47fe8e494fe3ece5267b2f23090a07a053ba8f3"
+dependencies = [
+ "bytecount",
+ "memchr",
+ "nom",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "tui-markup"
+version = "0.5.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "5437c754f57a2aa554adc76c607d45c4a1a8a3f86f7e261811b361872eec0b69"
+dependencies = [
+ "ansi_term",
+ "nom",
+ "nom_locate",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "tui-markup-demo"
+version = "0.1.0"
+dependencies = [
+ "ansi_term",
+ "tui-markup",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "winapi"
+version = "0.3.9"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "5c839a674fcd7a98952e593242ea400abe93992746761e38641405d28b00f419"
+dependencies = [
+ "winapi-i686-pc-windows-gnu",
+ "winapi-x86_64-pc-windows-gnu",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "winapi-i686-pc-windows-gnu"
+version = "0.4.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "ac3b87c63620426dd9b991e5ce0329eff545bccbbb34f3be09ff6fb6ab51b7b6"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "winapi-x86_64-pc-windows-gnu"
+version = "0.4.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "712e227841d057c1ee1cd2fb22fa7e5a5461ae8e48fa2ca79ec42cfc1931183f"

__term/tui-markup-demo/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+[package]
+name = "tui-markup-demo"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2024"
+
+[dependencies]
+ansi_term = "0.12.1"
+tui-markup = { version = "0.5.0",features = ["ansi"] }

__term/tui-markup-demo/src/main.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+use ansi_term::{ANSIStrings, Color, Style};
+use tui_markup::generator::ANSIStringsGenerator;
+use tui_markup::{compile, compile_with};
+
+fn main() {
+    // Parse markup into some final result for showing
+    let result = compile::<ANSIStringsGenerator>("You got a <yellow Coin>").unwrap();
+    // Show it
+    println!("{}", ANSIStrings(&result));
+
+    // With custom tag
+    let generator = ANSIStringsGenerator::new(|tag: &str| match tag {
+        "keyboard" => Some(Style::default().fg(Color::Blue).on(Color::Black).bold()),
+        "bold" => Some(Style::default().bold()),
+        "under" => Some(Style::default().underline()),
+        _ => None,
+    });
+    let result = compile_with("Press <keyboard Space> to <bold <under jump>>", generator).unwrap();
+    println!("{}", ANSIStrings(&result));
+}

__wasm/rust-wasm-plugins-examples/.gitignore

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+target/
+work/
+.cargo/

__wasm/rust-wasm-plugins-examples/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+[workspace]
+resolver = "3"
+members = ["host", "plugin"]
+
+# This will create smaller Wasm files
+[profile.release]
+strip = "debuginfo"
+lto = true

__wasm/rust-wasm-plugins-examples/LICENSE-APACHE

@@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
+                                 Apache License
+                           Version 2.0, January 2004
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+
+   TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR USE, REPRODUCTION, AND DISTRIBUTION
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__wasm/rust-wasm-plugins-examples/LICENSE-MIT

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+Copyright (c) Individual contributors
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+SOFTWARE.

__wasm/rust-wasm-plugins-examples/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+Rust Wasm Plugins Example
+=========================
+
+> clone from: https://github.com/tliron/rust-wasm-plugins-examples
+
+A Great Fit
+-----------
+
+You've probably heard that [Wasm](https://web.dev/explore/webassembly) (WebAssembly) can be a great way to support plugins in your application. Plugin authors can write them in any Wasm-compatible language and you're off to the races with your choice among various excellent and safe Wasm runtimes for Rust, including ones optimized for embedded environments (e.g. [wasmi](https://github.com/wasmi-labs/wasmi)).
+
+Not So Easy
+-----------
+
+Unfortunately, you're going to find out (in early 2025, when this is written) that examples of this often-mentioned use case are hard to come by, and that so much of the documentation is irrelevant, confusing, incomplete, or just out of date, as things have been moving quite quickly in the Wasm world.
+
+If you've read Surma's [Rust to WebAssembly the hard way](https://surma.dev/things/rust-to-webassembly/) (highly recommended starting point!) then you might feel quite confident in your ability to build `.wasm` modules, load them into Rust, call functions in them, and expose functions to them. But the hard way becomes a dead end as you realize something quite critical: Wasm only supports the transfer of just primitive numeric types, namely integers and floats (and not even unsigned integers). This is an intentional and understandable design choice to keep Wasm lean and mean and agnostic to any specific implementation.
+
+But this means that if you want to transfer something as basic as a string or a vector then you'll have to delve deep into the the Wasm memory model.
+
+People have come up with various solutions for Rust, from piggy-backing on [std::ffi::CString](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.CString.html) to exposing custom malloc/free functions to the Wasm module. But not only are these solutions painful, they would obviously need to be ported to every language we want to support, each with its own string and array models. There was, and still is, a need for some kind of standard, built on top of Wasm, that would support higher-level constructs in a portable way.
+
+The Temporary Solutions
+-----------------------
+
+It took some time for the community to rally around one. For a while, a promising proposal was Wasm Interfaces (WAI). This was [pioneered by Wasmer](https://github.com/wasmerio/wai), where the [documentation](https://docs.wasmer.io/wai) still points to it as "the" solution (early 2025). As usual in the Wasm world, even that documentation can only take you so far. None of it actually mentions hosting WAI in Rust! And it only shows importing interfaces, not exporting them, though I have managed to learn how to handle exports by delving into the WAI tooling source code. The idea behind
+WAI is that you describe your interface in a [`.wai` file](https://github.com/wasmerio/wai/blob/main/WAI.md) and use tooling (e.g. macros) to generate the boilerplate code for clients and hosts, a lot like how things work with RPC protocols (e.g. protobufs).
+
+WAI had not been widely adopted, however it does work and is also quite straightforward. We won't be using it in this example, but it's useful to be aware of its existence.
+
+Also check out [Extism](https://extism.org/), a more comprehensive attempt to fill in the gap.
+
+The Consensus Solution
+----------------------
+
+But the consensus now seems to be around the [Wasm Component Model](https://component-model.bytecodealliance.org/), which expands on the WAI proposal with proper namespacing, resources, and richer custom data types. The Component Model is actually part of WASI, and indeed is being used to provide the WASI extensions. So, what's [WASI](https://wasi.dev/)? It's an initiative by the community to deliver a set of common APIs on top of Wasm for accessing streams, like files and stdout/stderr, network sockets, and eventually threads. I say "eventually" because WASI is still very much a work in progress. As of now (early 2025) we just got "preview 2" of it. Luckily, Rust can target "wasip2", meaning that it can be used to create the latest and greatest Components. Though, note that wasip2 does produce larger minimal `.wasm` files than WAI due to the inclusion of the machinery for the Component Model.
+
+Like WAI, the Component Model relies on an interface definition file, [`.wit`](https://component-model.bytecodealliance.org/design/wit.html). And [Wasmtime](https://wasmtime.dev/) has the tooling for it! Yay! So, are we finally off to the races with our plugin system?
+
+Not so fast. Again, finding examples and straightforward documentation is not easy. Wasmtime is a very comprehensive and performative implementation, but it's also designed by committee and has a lot of contributors. And due to the fast-moving nature of these things, what you find might not represent what is actually going on or what you should be using.
+
+Finally We Get to the Point
+---------------------------
+
+All that to say, that's why I created this repository. It's intended to be a minimal and straightforward example of how to build plugins in Rust (as Components) and how to host them in your application using Wasmtime and its WIT tooling. Well, at least for early 2025... As of now it does not demonstrate the more advanced features of WIT, such as custom data types, but I might add those in the future.
+
+How to Build and Run
+--------------------
+
+There are two crates here, a plugin, which builds into a wasip2 `.wasm`, and a host, which can be built into any Rust target architecure.
+
+```sh
+rustup target add wasm32-wasip2
+git clone https://github.com/tliron/rust-wasm-plugins-examples.git
+cd rust-wasm-plugins-examples
+./run.sh
+```
+
+Things to See
+-------------
+
+* [Rust to WebAssembly the hard way](https://surma.dev/things/rust-to-webassembly/) by Surma
+* [Plugins with Rust and WASI Preview 2](https://benw.is/posts/plugins-with-rust-and-wasi) by Ben Wishovich
+
+License
+-------
+
+Like much of the Rust ecosystem, licensed under your choice of either of
+
+* [Apache License, Version 2.0](LICENSE-APACHE)
+* [MIT license](LICENSE-MIT)
+
+Unless you explicitly state otherwise, any contribution intentionally submitted for inclusion in the work by you, as defined in the Apache-2.0 license, shall be dual licensed as above, without any additional terms or conditions.

__wasm/rust-wasm-plugins-examples/assets/wit/acme-plugins.wit

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+// Note that names *cannot* use underscores, but *can* use dashes
+// (In Rust the dashes are converted to underscores, as usual)
+// They also can't use numeric digits for some reason!
+
+// A package can include more than one "world"
+// (=component, or plugin type for us),
+
+package acme:plugins@1.0.0;
+
+// This is what the host will expose to our plugins
+interface host {
+    log: func(message: string);
+}
+
+// This is what our plugins will expose to the host
+interface prettify-plugin {
+    prettify: func(content: string) -> string;
+}
+
+// We can create additional worlds per plugin type
+// You can import/export more than one interface
+// (as well as individual functions, types, and resources)
+world prettify {
+    import host;
+    export prettify-plugin;
+}

__wasm/rust-wasm-plugins-examples/host/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+[package]
+edition = "2021"
+
+name = "host"
+description = "Rust Wasm Plugins Example"
+version = "0.0.1"
+rust-version = "1.84"
+
+license = "MIT OR Apache-2.0"
+repository = "https://github.com/tliron/rust-wasm-plugins-example"
+documentation = "https://github.com/tliron/rust-wasm-plugins-example"
+authors = ["Tal Liron"]
+
+readme = "../README.md"
+
+categories = ["wasm"]                                      # https://crates.io/category_slugs
+keywords = ["wasm", "wasi", "wit", "wasmtime", "examples"]
+
+[dependencies]
+anyhow = "1.0.97"
+wasmtime = "31.0.0"
+wasmtime-wasi = "31.0.0"

__wasm/rust-wasm-plugins-examples/host/src/bindings.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+#![allow(missing_docs)]
+
+wasmtime::component::bindgen!(in "../assets/wit/acme-plugins.wit");

__wasm/rust-wasm-plugins-examples/host/src/host.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+use super::bindings::acme::plugins::host;
+
+use wasmtime_wasi::{IoView, ResourceTable, WasiCtx, WasiCtxBuilder, WasiView};
+
+//
+// Host
+//
+
+/// Plugins host.
+pub struct Host {
+    wasi: WasiCtx,
+    resources: ResourceTable,
+}
+
+impl Host {
+    /// Constructor.
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        let wasi = WasiCtxBuilder::new().inherit_stdout().build();
+        Self { wasi, resources: ResourceTable::new() }
+    }
+}
+
+// We need to implement WasiView for wasmtime_wasi::add_to_linker_sync
+impl WasiView for Host {
+    fn ctx(&mut self) -> &mut WasiCtx {
+        &mut self.wasi
+    }
+}
+
+impl IoView for Host {
+    fn table(&mut self) -> &mut ResourceTable {
+        &mut self.resources
+    }
+}
+
+// Our exposed Host functions
+impl host::Host for Host {
+    fn log(&mut self, message: String) {
+        println!("log: {}", message);
+    }
+}

__wasm/rust-wasm-plugins-examples/host/src/main.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+mod bindings;
+mod host;
+mod prettify;
+
+use prettify::*;
+
+pub fn main() {
+    let mut prettify = Prettify::new("target/wasm32-wasip2/release/plugin.wasm").unwrap();
+    let r = prettify.prettify("We will prettify this with a plugin").unwrap();
+    println!("{}", r);
+}

__wasm/rust-wasm-plugins-examples/host/src/prettify.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+use super::{bindings, host::*};
+
+use {
+    anyhow::Context,
+    std::path,
+    wasmtime::{component::*, Engine, Store},
+};
+
+//
+// Prettify
+//
+
+/// Prettify plugin.
+pub struct Prettify {
+    store: Store<Host>,
+    prettify: bindings::Prettify,
+}
+
+// Wasmtime uses Anyhow for most of its errors
+// But you could potentially wrap it in your own "PluginError" or similar using .map_err
+// For this example we used .context
+
+impl Prettify {
+    /// Constructor.
+    pub fn new<PathT>(module: PathT) -> Result<Self, anyhow::Error>
+    where
+        PathT: AsRef<path::Path>,
+    {
+        let engine = Engine::default();
+
+        // Component
+        let component = Component::from_file(&engine, module).context("load component")?;
+
+        // Linker
+        let mut linker = Linker::new(&engine);
+        wasmtime_wasi::add_to_linker_sync(&mut linker).context("link WASI")?;
+        bindings::Prettify::add_to_linker(&mut linker, |state: &mut Host| state).context("link plugin host")?;
+
+        // Store
+        let mut store = Store::new(&engine, Host::new());
+
+        // Bindings
+        let prettify =
+            bindings::Prettify::instantiate(&mut store, &component, &linker).context("instantiate bindings")?;
+
+        Ok(Self { store, prettify })
+    }
+
+    // We'll create convenience wrappers to make calling functions ergonomic:
+
+    /// Prettify.
+    pub fn prettify(&mut self, name: &str) -> Result<String, anyhow::Error> {
+        self.prettify.acme_plugins_prettify_plugin().call_prettify(&mut self.store, name)
+    }
+}

__wasm/rust-wasm-plugins-examples/plugin/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+[package]
+edition = "2021"
+
+name = "plugin"
+description = "Rust Wasm Plugins Example"
+version = "0.0.1"
+rust-version = "1.84"
+
+license = "MIT OR Apache-2.0"
+repository = "https://github.com/tliron/rust-wasm-plugins-example"
+documentation = "https://github.com/tliron/rust-wasm-plugins-example"
+authors = ["Tal Liron"]
+
+readme = "../README.md"
+
+categories = ["wasm"]
+keywords = ["wasm", "wasi", "wit", "wasmtime", "examples"]
+
+[dependencies]
+wit-bindgen = "0.41.0"
+
+[lib]
+crate-type = ["cdylib"]

__wasm/rust-wasm-plugins-examples/plugin/src/bindings.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+// Note that we are using the full notation of the macro in order
+// to add some options that allow the bindings to live in this independent file
+
+wit_bindgen::generate!({
+    path: "../assets/wit/acme-plugins.wit",
+    default_bindings_module: "crate::bindings",
+    pub_export_macro: true,
+});

__wasm/rust-wasm-plugins-examples/plugin/src/lib.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+mod bindings;
+mod quote_prettify;

__wasm/rust-wasm-plugins-examples/plugin/src/quote_prettify.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+use super::bindings::{acme::plugins::host, export, exports::acme::plugins::prettify_plugin};
+
+// This is our implementation of the "prettify" plugin type
+// (=WIT world)
+
+// We shall make the content pretty by quoting all words
+
+// Gorgeous!
+
+pub struct QuotePrettifyPlugin;
+
+export!(QuotePrettifyPlugin);
+
+impl prettify_plugin::Guest for QuotePrettifyPlugin {
+    fn prettify(content: String) -> String {
+        host::log("thank you for using the quote prettify plugin!");
+        let words = content.split(" ");
+        let words: Vec<String> = words.map(|word| format!("{:?}", word)).collect();
+        words.join(" ")
+    }
+}

__wasm/rust-wasm-plugins-examples/run.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+cargo build --package=plugin --target=wasm32-wasip2 --release
+cargo run --package=host

__wasm/rust-wasm-plugins-examples/rustfmt.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+max_width = 120
+use_small_heuristics = "Max"

scripts/build_readme_rs/src/main.rs

@@ -35,3 +35,6 @@ fn main() -> XResult<()> {
     opt_result!(fs::write("README.md", readme), "Write README.md failed: {}");
     Ok(())
 }
+
+// @SCRIPT-SIGNATURE-V1: yk-r1.ES256.20250308T212308+08:00.MEQCIBblLBxZYIuyjfsrCbQo
+// oGiiiUGtdmjOo0p1s9DfPewYAiBZfpz6Nj737qGfejAPmnO03+NGuR0wc51NqXcer2WxKA==