add dns-server-tutorial

README.md

@@ -155,6 +155,7 @@ Project or files:
 ├── __network
 │   ├── async-speed-limit
 │   ├── dingo
+│   ├── dns-server-tutorial
 │   ├── fetch-rs
 │   ├── fuso-socks5-test
 │   ├── html-crawl-parse
@@ -247,7 +248,6 @@ Project or files:
 ├── __translate
 │   └── retranslate
 ├── __wasm
-│   ├── connect.ssh
 │   ├── deno_rust_wasm_import_functions
 │   ├── deno_rust_wasm_js_sandbox
 │   ├── deno_rust_wasm_qr_decode
@@ -277,7 +277,6 @@ Project or files:
 ├── scripts
 │   └── build_readme_rs
 └── single_file_tests
-    ├── 99.htm
     ├── 99.rs
     ├── chain.rs
     ├── closure.rs
@@ -300,6 +299,6 @@ Project or files:
     ├── vec.rs
     └── while.rs
 
-269 directories, 40 files
+271 directories, 38 files
 ```
 

__network/dns-server-tutorial/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+# DNS Server in Rust
+
+This repository contains the code for a **DNS server implemented in Rust**, as part of the tutorial [**Building a DNS Server in Rust**](https://rust-trends.com/posts/building-a-dns-server-in-rust/)  . The tutorial covers:
+ - Understanding DNS requests and responses.
+ - Handling UDP packets in Rust.
+ - Parsing and constructing DNS packets.
+ - Implementing decompression of DNS packets.
+ - Forwarding DNS queries to resolvers.
+
+## 📖 Tutorial
+For a step-by-step guide, check out the full tutorial:
+[Building a DNS Server in Rust: Part 1 of 2](https://rust-trends.com/posts/building-a-dns-server-in-rust/)
+
+## 🛠 Installation
+
+Ensure you have **Rust** installed:
+```sh
+curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh
+```
+
+## Clone this repository:
+
+```sh
+git clone https://github.com/Rust-Trends/dns-server-tutorial.git
+cd dns-server-tutorial
+```
+
+## 🚀 Running the Server
+
+Goto to the step you want to explore, e.g. step1, and start the DNS server on port 1053:
+
+```sh
+cd step1
+cargo run
+```
+
+## 🔍 Testing with dig
+
+To test your server, open another terminal and run:
+
+```sh
+dig @localhost -p 1053 www.rust-trends.com
+```
+
+## 🤝 Contributions
+
+Feel free to open issues or submit pull requests to improve the project!
+
+📜 License: MIT

__network/dns-server-tutorial/step1/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+[package]
+name = "dns-server"
+authors = ["Bob Peters <contact@rust-trends.com>"] 
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+
+[dependencies]
+clap = { version = "4.5.29", features = ["derive"] }
+thiserror = "2.0.11"

__network/dns-server-tutorial/step1/src/dns.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+// src/dns.rs
+use thiserror::Error;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Error)]
+pub enum ErrorCondition {
+    #[error("Serialization Error: {0}")]
+    SerializationErr(String),
+
+    #[error("Deserialization Error: {0}")]
+    DeserializationErr(String),
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct Header {
+    pub id: u16,      // identifier
+    pub qr: bool,     // 0 for query, 1 for response
+    pub opcode: u8,   // 0 for standard query
+    pub aa: bool,     // authoritative answer
+    pub tc: bool,     // truncated message
+    pub rd: bool,     // recursion desired
+    pub ra: bool,     // recursion available
+    pub z: u8,        // reserved for future use
+    pub rcode: u8,    // 0 for no error
+    pub qdcount: u16, // number of entries in the question section
+    pub ancount: u16, // number of resource records in the answer section
+    pub nscount: u16, // number of name server resource records in the authority records section
+    pub arcount: u16, // number of resource records in the additional records section
+}
+
+impl Header {
+    const DNS_HEADER_LEN: usize = 12;
+
+    // Serialize the header to a byte array
+    pub fn to_bytes(&self) -> Vec<u8> {
+        let mut buf = Vec::with_capacity(Header::DNS_HEADER_LEN);
+
+        buf.extend_from_slice(&self.id.to_be_bytes());
+        buf.push(
+            (self.qr as u8) << 7
+                | self.opcode << 3
+                | (self.aa as u8) << 2
+                | (self.tc as u8) << 1
+                | self.rd as u8,
+        );
+        buf.push((self.ra as u8) << 7 | self.z << 4 | self.rcode);
+        buf.extend_from_slice(&self.qdcount.to_be_bytes());
+        buf.extend_from_slice(&self.ancount.to_be_bytes());
+        buf.extend_from_slice(&self.nscount.to_be_bytes());
+        buf.extend_from_slice(&self.arcount.to_be_bytes());
+
+        buf
+    }
+
+    // Deserialize the header from a byte array
+    pub fn from_bytes(buf: &[u8]) -> Result<Header, ErrorCondition> {
+        if buf.len() < Header::DNS_HEADER_LEN {
+            return Err(ErrorCondition::DeserializationErr(
+                "Buffer length is less than header length".to_string(),
+            ));
+        }
+
+        Ok(Header {
+            id: u16::from_be_bytes([buf[0], buf[1]]),
+            qr: (buf[2] & 0b1000_0000) != 0,
+            opcode: (buf[2] & 0b0111_1000) >> 3,
+            aa: (buf[2] & 0b0000_0100) != 0,
+            tc: (buf[2] & 0b0000_0010) != 0,
+            rd: (buf[2] & 0b0000_0001) != 0,
+            ra: (buf[3] & 0b1000_0000) != 0,
+            z: (buf[3] & 0b0111_0000) >> 4,
+            rcode: buf[3] & 0b0000_1111,
+            qdcount: u16::from_be_bytes([buf[4], buf[5]]),
+            ancount: u16::from_be_bytes([buf[6], buf[7]]),
+            nscount: u16::from_be_bytes([buf[8], buf[9]]),
+            arcount: u16::from_be_bytes([buf[10], buf[11]]),
+        })
+    }
+}

__network/dns-server-tutorial/step1/src/main.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+// src/main.rs
+use std::net::UdpSocket;
+
+mod dns;
+use dns::Header;
+
+// Debug print hex bytes of a buffer 16 bytes width followed by the ASCII representation of the bytes
+fn debug_print_bytes(buf: &[u8]) {
+    for (i, chunk) in buf.chunks(16).enumerate() {
+        print!("{:08x}: ", i * 16);
+        for byte in chunk {
+            print!("{:02x} ", byte);
+        }
+        for _ in 0..(16 - chunk.len()) {
+            print!("   ");
+        }
+        print!("  ");
+        for byte in chunk {
+            if *byte >= 32 && *byte <= 126 {
+                print!("{}", *byte as char);
+            } else {
+                print!(".");
+            }
+        }
+        println!();
+    }
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let socket = UdpSocket::bind("0.0.0.0:1053").expect("Could not bind to port 1053");
+    let mut buf = [0; 512];
+    
+    println!("DNS server is running at port 1053");
+
+    loop {
+        let (len, addr) = socket.recv_from(&mut buf).expect("Could not receive data");
+        
+        println!("\nReceived query from {} with length {} bytes", addr, len);
+        debug_print_bytes(&buf[..len]);
+        
+        let header = Header::from_bytes(&buf[..len]).expect("Could not parse DNS header");
+        println!("\n{:?}", header);
+    }
+}

__network/dns-server-tutorial/step2/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+[package]
+name = "dns-server"
+authors = ["Bob Peters <contact@rust-trends.com>"] 
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+
+[dependencies]
+clap = { version = "4.5.29", features = ["derive"] }
+thiserror = "2.0.11"

__network/dns-server-tutorial/step2/src/dns.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,306 @@
+// src/dns.rs
+use thiserror::Error;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Error)]
+pub enum ErrorCondition {
+    #[error("Serialization Error: {0}")]
+    SerializationErr(String),
+
+    #[error("Deserialization Error: {0}")]
+    DeserializationErr(String),
+
+    #[error("Invalid Label")]
+    InvalidLabel,
+}
+
+/// Maximum DNS message size without EDNS0
+const MAX_DNS_MESSAGE_SIZE: usize = 512;
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct Header {
+    pub id: u16,      // identifier
+    pub qr: bool,     // 0 for query, 1 for response
+    pub opcode: u8,   // 0 for standard query
+    pub aa: bool,     // authoritative answer
+    pub tc: bool,     // truncated message
+    pub rd: bool,     // recursion desired
+    pub ra: bool,     // recursion available
+    pub z: u8,        // reserved for future use
+    pub rcode: u8,    // 0 for no error
+    pub qdcount: u16, // number of entries in the question section
+    pub ancount: u16, // number of resource records in the answer section
+    pub nscount: u16, // number of name server resource records in the authority records section
+    pub arcount: u16, // number of resource records in the additional records section
+}
+
+impl Header {
+    const DNS_HEADER_LEN: usize = 12;
+
+    // Serialize the header to a byte array
+    pub fn to_bytes(&self) -> Vec<u8> {
+        let mut buf = Vec::with_capacity(Header::DNS_HEADER_LEN);
+
+        buf.extend_from_slice(&self.id.to_be_bytes());
+        buf.push(
+            (self.qr as u8) << 7
+                | self.opcode << 3
+                | (self.aa as u8) << 2
+                | (self.tc as u8) << 1
+                | self.rd as u8,
+        );
+        buf.push((self.ra as u8) << 7 | self.z << 4 | self.rcode);
+        buf.extend_from_slice(&self.qdcount.to_be_bytes());
+        buf.extend_from_slice(&self.ancount.to_be_bytes());
+        buf.extend_from_slice(&self.nscount.to_be_bytes());
+        buf.extend_from_slice(&self.arcount.to_be_bytes());
+
+        buf
+    }
+
+    // Deserialize the header from a byte array
+    pub fn from_bytes(buf: &[u8]) -> Result<Header, ErrorCondition> {
+        if buf.len() < Header::DNS_HEADER_LEN {
+            return Err(ErrorCondition::DeserializationErr(
+                "Buffer length is less than header length".to_string(),
+            ));
+        }
+
+        Ok(Header {
+            id: u16::from_be_bytes([buf[0], buf[1]]),
+            qr: (buf[2] & 0b1000_0000) != 0,
+            opcode: (buf[2] & 0b0111_1000) >> 3,
+            aa: (buf[2] & 0b0000_0100) != 0,
+            tc: (buf[2] & 0b0000_0010) != 0,
+            rd: (buf[2] & 0b0000_0001) != 0,
+            ra: (buf[3] & 0b1000_0000) != 0,
+            z: (buf[3] & 0b0111_0000) >> 4,
+            rcode: buf[3] & 0b0000_1111,
+            qdcount: u16::from_be_bytes([buf[4], buf[5]]),
+            ancount: u16::from_be_bytes([buf[6], buf[7]]),
+            nscount: u16::from_be_bytes([buf[8], buf[9]]),
+            arcount: u16::from_be_bytes([buf[10], buf[11]]),
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct Question {
+    pub name: Vec<Label>,
+    pub qtype: Type,
+    pub qclass: Class,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct Label(String);
+
+impl Label {
+    pub fn new(label: &[u8]) -> Result<Self, ErrorCondition> {
+        match std::str::from_utf8(label) {
+            Ok(s) => Ok(Label(s.to_string())),
+            Err(_) => Err(ErrorCondition::InvalidLabel),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
+        self.0.len()
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub enum Type {
+    // Below are Resource Record Types and QTYPES
+    A = 1,      // a host address
+    NS = 2,     // an authoritative name server
+    MD = 3,     // a mail destination (Obsolete - use MX)
+    MF = 4,     // a mail forwarder (Obsolete - use MX)
+    CNAME = 5,  // the canonical name for an alias
+    SOA = 6,    // marks the start of a zone of authority
+    MB = 7,     // a mailbox domain name (EXPERIMENTAL)
+    MG = 8,     // a mail group member (EXPERIMENTAL)
+    MR = 9,     // a mail rename domain name (EXPERIMENTAL)
+    NULL = 10,  // a null RR (EXPERIMENTAL)
+    WKS = 11,   // a well known service description
+    PTR = 12,   // a domain name pointer
+    HINFO = 13, // host information
+    MINFO = 14, // mailbox or mail list information
+    MX = 15,    // mail exchange
+    TXT = 16,   // text strings
+
+    // Below are only QTYPES
+    AXFR = 252,  // A request for a transfer of an entire zone
+    MAILB = 253, // A request for mailbox-related records (MB, MG or MR)
+    MAILA = 254, // A request for mail agent RRs (Obsolete - see MX)
+    _ALL_ = 255, // A request for all records
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub enum Class {
+    // Below are Resource Record Classes and QCLASS
+    IN = 1, // the Internet
+    CS = 2, // the CSNET class (Obsolete - used only for examples in some obsolete RFCs)
+    CH = 3, // the CHAOS class
+    HS = 4, // Hesiod [Dyer 87]
+
+    // Below are only QCLASSES
+    _ALL_ = 255,
+}
+
+impl std::fmt::Display for Type {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        let msg: &str = match self {
+            Type::A => "a host address",
+            Type::NS => "an authoritative name server",
+            Type::MD => "a mail destination (Obsolete - use MX)",
+            Type::MF => "a mail forwarder (Obsolete - use MX)",
+            Type::CNAME => "the canonical name for an alias",
+            Type::SOA => "marks the start of a zone of authority",
+            Type::MB => "a mailbox domain name (EXPERIMENTAL)",
+            Type::MG => "a mail group member (EXPERIMENTAL)",
+            Type::MR => "a mail rename domain name (EXPERIMENTAL)",
+            Type::NULL => "a null RR (EXPERIMENTAL)",
+            Type::WKS => "a well known service description",
+            Type::PTR => "a domain name pointer",
+            Type::HINFO => "host information",
+            Type::MINFO => "mailbox or mail list information",
+            Type::MX => "mail exchange",
+            Type::TXT => "text strings",
+            Type::AXFR => "A request for a transfer of an entire zone",
+            Type::MAILB => "A request for mailbox-related records (MB, MG or MR)",
+            Type::MAILA => "A request for mail agent RRs (Obsolete - see MX)",
+            Type::_ALL_ => "A request for all records",
+        };
+
+        write!(f, "{}", msg)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Type {
+    pub fn from_bytes(bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<Type, ErrorCondition> {
+        match u16::from_be_bytes([bytes[0], bytes[1]]) {
+            1 => Ok(Type::A),
+            2 => Ok(Type::NS),
+            3 => Ok(Type::MD),
+            4 => Ok(Type::MF),
+            5 => Ok(Type::CNAME),
+            6 => Ok(Type::SOA),
+            7 => Ok(Type::MB),
+            8 => Ok(Type::MG),
+            9 => Ok(Type::MR),
+            10 => Ok(Type::NULL),
+            11 => Ok(Type::WKS),
+            12 => Ok(Type::PTR),
+            13 => Ok(Type::HINFO),
+            14 => Ok(Type::MINFO),
+            15 => Ok(Type::MX),
+            16 => Ok(Type::TXT),
+            252 => Ok(Type::AXFR),
+            253 => Ok(Type::MAILB),
+            254 => Ok(Type::MAILA),
+            255 => Ok(Type::_ALL_),
+            n => Err(ErrorCondition::DeserializationErr(
+                format!("Unknown Question Type {}", n).to_string(),
+            )),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn to_bytes(&self) -> [u8; 2] {
+        let num = match self {
+            Type::A => 1,
+            Type::NS => 2,
+            Type::MD => 3,
+            Type::MF => 4,
+            Type::CNAME => 5,
+            Type::SOA => 6,
+            Type::MB => 7,
+            Type::MG => 8,
+            Type::MR => 9,
+            Type::NULL => 10,
+            Type::WKS => 11,
+            Type::PTR => 12,
+            Type::HINFO => 13,
+            Type::MINFO => 14,
+            Type::MX => 15,
+            Type::TXT => 16,
+            Type::AXFR => 252,
+            Type::MAILB => 253,
+            Type::MAILA => 254,
+            Type::_ALL_ => 255,
+        };
+
+        u16::to_be_bytes(num)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Class {
+    pub fn from_bytes(buf: &[u8]) -> Result<Self, ErrorCondition> {
+        let num = u16::from_be_bytes([buf[0], buf[1]]);
+        match num {
+            1 => Ok(Class::IN),
+            2 => Ok(Class::CS),
+            3 => Ok(Class::CH),
+            4 => Ok(Class::HS),
+            _ => Err(ErrorCondition::DeserializationErr(
+                format!("Unknown Question Class {}", num).to_string(),
+            )),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn to_bytes(&self) -> [u8; 2] {
+        let num = match self {
+            Class::IN => 1,
+            Class::CS => 2,
+            Class::CH => 3,
+            Class::HS => 4,
+            Class::_ALL_ => 255,
+        };
+
+        u16::to_be_bytes(num)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Question {
+    // The from_bytes() function reconstructs a Question struct by iterating through the buffer, extracting labels,
+    // parsing the query type and class.
+    pub fn from_bytes(buf: &[u8]) -> Result<Self, ErrorCondition> {
+        let mut index = 0;
+        let mut labels: Vec<Label> = Vec::new();
+
+        println!("Labels:");
+        while buf[index] != 0 {
+            let len = buf[index] as usize;
+            index += 1;
+            labels.push(Label::new(&buf[index..index + len])?);
+            println!("{:?}", labels); // For debugging purposes
+            index += len;
+        }
+
+        index += 1;
+
+        let qtype = Type::from_bytes(&buf[index..index + 2])?;
+        index += 2;
+        let qclass = Class::from_bytes(&buf[index..index + 2])?;
+
+        Ok(Question {
+            name: labels,
+            qtype,
+            qclass,
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub fn to_bytes(&self) -> Vec<u8> {
+        let mut buf = Vec::new();
+
+        // Write the labels to the buffer and add . inbetween and end with 0
+        for label in &self.name {
+            buf.push(label.len() as u8);
+            buf.extend_from_slice(label.0.as_bytes());
+        }
+        buf.push(0);
+
+        // Write the question type and class to the buffer
+        buf.extend_from_slice(&self.qtype.to_bytes());
+        buf.extend_from_slice(&self.qclass.to_bytes());
+
+        buf
+    }
+}

__network/dns-server-tutorial/step2/src/main.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+// src/main.rs
+use std::net::UdpSocket;
+
+mod dns;
+use dns::{Header, Question};
+
+// Debug print hex bytes of a buffer 16 bytes width followed by the ASCII representation of the bytes
+fn debug_print_bytes(buf: &[u8]) {
+    for (i, chunk) in buf.chunks(16).enumerate() {
+        print!("{:08x}: ", i * 16);
+        for byte in chunk {
+            print!("{:02x} ", byte);
+        }
+        for _ in 0..(16 - chunk.len()) {
+            print!("   ");
+        }
+        print!("  ");
+        for byte in chunk {
+            if *byte >= 32 && *byte <= 126 {
+                print!("{}", *byte as char);
+            } else {
+                print!(".");
+            }
+        }
+        println!();
+    }
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let socket = UdpSocket::bind("0.0.0.0:1053").expect("Could not bind to port 1053");
+    let mut buf = [0; 512];
+
+    println!("DNS server is running at port 1053");
+
+    loop {
+        let (len, addr) = socket.recv_from(&mut buf).expect("Could not receive data");
+
+        println!("\nReceived query from {} with length {} bytes", addr, len);
+        println!("\n### DNS Query: ###");
+        debug_print_bytes(&buf[..len]);
+
+        let header = Header::from_bytes(&buf[..12]).expect("Could not parse DNS header");
+        println!("\n{:?}", header);
+
+        println!("\n### Question: ###");
+        debug_print_bytes(&buf[12..len]);
+        println!();
+
+        let question = Question::from_bytes(&buf[12..len]).expect("Could not parse DNS question");
+        println!("\n{:?}", question);
+    }
+}

__network/dns-server-tutorial/step3/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+[package]
+name = "dns-server"
+authors = ["Bob Peters <contact@rust-trends.com>"] 
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+
+[dependencies]
+clap = { version = "4.5.29", features = ["derive"] }
+thiserror = "2.0.11"

__network/dns-server-tutorial/step3/src/dns.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,349 @@
+// src/dns.rs
+use thiserror::Error;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Error)]
+pub enum ErrorCondition {
+    #[error("Serialization Error: {0}")]
+    SerializationErr(String),
+
+    #[error("Deserialization Error: {0}")]
+    DeserializationErr(String),
+
+    #[error("Invalid Label")]
+    InvalidLabel,
+}
+
+/// Maximum DNS message size without EDNS0
+const MAX_DNS_MESSAGE_SIZE: usize = 512;
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct Header {
+    pub id: u16,      // identifier
+    pub qr: bool,     // 0 for query, 1 for response
+    pub opcode: u8,   // 0 for standard query
+    pub aa: bool,     // authoritative answer
+    pub tc: bool,     // truncated message
+    pub rd: bool,     // recursion desired
+    pub ra: bool,     // recursion available
+    pub z: u8,        // reserved for future use
+    pub rcode: u8,    // 0 for no error
+    pub qdcount: u16, // number of entries in the question section
+    pub ancount: u16, // number of resource records in the answer section
+    pub nscount: u16, // number of name server resource records in the authority records section
+    pub arcount: u16, // number of resource records in the additional records section
+}
+
+impl Header {
+    const DNS_HEADER_LEN: usize = 12;
+
+    // Serialize the header to a byte array
+    pub fn to_bytes(&self) -> Vec<u8> {
+        let mut buf = Vec::with_capacity(Header::DNS_HEADER_LEN);
+
+        buf.extend_from_slice(&self.id.to_be_bytes());
+        buf.push(
+            (self.qr as u8) << 7
+                | self.opcode << 3
+                | (self.aa as u8) << 2
+                | (self.tc as u8) << 1
+                | self.rd as u8,
+        );
+        buf.push((self.ra as u8) << 7 | self.z << 4 | self.rcode);
+        buf.extend_from_slice(&self.qdcount.to_be_bytes());
+        buf.extend_from_slice(&self.ancount.to_be_bytes());
+        buf.extend_from_slice(&self.nscount.to_be_bytes());
+        buf.extend_from_slice(&self.arcount.to_be_bytes());
+
+        buf
+    }
+
+    // Deserialize the header from a byte array
+    pub fn from_bytes(buf: &[u8]) -> Result<Header, ErrorCondition> {
+        if buf.len() < Header::DNS_HEADER_LEN {
+            return Err(ErrorCondition::DeserializationErr(
+                "Buffer length is less than header length".to_string(),
+            ));
+        }
+
+        Ok(Header {
+            id: u16::from_be_bytes([buf[0], buf[1]]),
+            qr: (buf[2] & 0b1000_0000) != 0,
+            opcode: (buf[2] & 0b0111_1000) >> 3,
+            aa: (buf[2] & 0b0000_0100) != 0,
+            tc: (buf[2] & 0b0000_0010) != 0,
+            rd: (buf[2] & 0b0000_0001) != 0,
+            ra: (buf[3] & 0b1000_0000) != 0,
+            z: (buf[3] & 0b0111_0000) >> 4,
+            rcode: buf[3] & 0b0000_1111,
+            qdcount: u16::from_be_bytes([buf[4], buf[5]]),
+            ancount: u16::from_be_bytes([buf[6], buf[7]]),
+            nscount: u16::from_be_bytes([buf[8], buf[9]]),
+            arcount: u16::from_be_bytes([buf[10], buf[11]]),
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct Question {
+    pub name: Vec<Label>,
+    pub qtype: Type,
+    pub qclass: Class,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct Label(String);
+
+impl Label {
+    pub fn new(label: &[u8]) -> Result<Self, ErrorCondition> {
+        match std::str::from_utf8(label) {
+            Ok(s) => Ok(Label(s.to_string())),
+            Err(_) => Err(ErrorCondition::InvalidLabel),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
+        self.0.len()
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub enum Type {
+    // Below are Resource Record Types and QTYPES
+    A = 1,      // a host address
+    NS = 2,     // an authoritative name server
+    MD = 3,     // a mail destination (Obsolete - use MX)
+    MF = 4,     // a mail forwarder (Obsolete - use MX)
+    CNAME = 5,  // the canonical name for an alias
+    SOA = 6,    // marks the start of a zone of authority
+    MB = 7,     // a mailbox domain name (EXPERIMENTAL)
+    MG = 8,     // a mail group member (EXPERIMENTAL)
+    MR = 9,     // a mail rename domain name (EXPERIMENTAL)
+    NULL = 10,  // a null RR (EXPERIMENTAL)
+    WKS = 11,   // a well known service description
+    PTR = 12,   // a domain name pointer
+    HINFO = 13, // host information
+    MINFO = 14, // mailbox or mail list information
+    MX = 15,    // mail exchange
+    TXT = 16,   // text strings
+
+    // Below are only QTYPES
+    AXFR = 252,  // A request for a transfer of an entire zone
+    MAILB = 253, // A request for mailbox-related records (MB, MG or MR)
+    MAILA = 254, // A request for mail agent RRs (Obsolete - see MX)
+    _ALL_ = 255, // A request for all records
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub enum Class {
+    // Below are Resource Record Classes and QCLASS
+    IN = 1, // the Internet
+    CS = 2, // the CSNET class (Obsolete - used only for examples in some obsolete RFCs)
+    CH = 3, // the CHAOS class
+    HS = 4, // Hesiod [Dyer 87]
+
+    // Below are only QCLASSES
+    _ALL_ = 255,
+}
+
+impl std::fmt::Display for Type {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        let msg: &str = match self {
+            Type::A => "a host address",
+            Type::NS => "an authoritative name server",
+            Type::MD => "a mail destination (Obsolete - use MX)",
+            Type::MF => "a mail forwarder (Obsolete - use MX)",
+            Type::CNAME => "the canonical name for an alias",
+            Type::SOA => "marks the start of a zone of authority",
+            Type::MB => "a mailbox domain name (EXPERIMENTAL)",
+            Type::MG => "a mail group member (EXPERIMENTAL)",
+            Type::MR => "a mail rename domain name (EXPERIMENTAL)",
+            Type::NULL => "a null RR (EXPERIMENTAL)",
+            Type::WKS => "a well known service description",
+            Type::PTR => "a domain name pointer",
+            Type::HINFO => "host information",
+            Type::MINFO => "mailbox or mail list information",
+            Type::MX => "mail exchange",
+            Type::TXT => "text strings",
+            Type::AXFR => "A request for a transfer of an entire zone",
+            Type::MAILB => "A request for mailbox-related records (MB, MG or MR)",
+            Type::MAILA => "A request for mail agent RRs (Obsolete - see MX)",
+            Type::_ALL_ => "A request for all records",
+        };
+
+        write!(f, "{}", msg)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Type {
+    pub fn from_bytes(bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<Type, ErrorCondition> {
+        match u16::from_be_bytes([bytes[0], bytes[1]]) {
+            1 => Ok(Type::A),
+            2 => Ok(Type::NS),
+            3 => Ok(Type::MD),
+            4 => Ok(Type::MF),
+            5 => Ok(Type::CNAME),
+            6 => Ok(Type::SOA),
+            7 => Ok(Type::MB),
+            8 => Ok(Type::MG),
+            9 => Ok(Type::MR),
+            10 => Ok(Type::NULL),
+            11 => Ok(Type::WKS),
+            12 => Ok(Type::PTR),
+            13 => Ok(Type::HINFO),
+            14 => Ok(Type::MINFO),
+            15 => Ok(Type::MX),
+            16 => Ok(Type::TXT),
+            252 => Ok(Type::AXFR),
+            253 => Ok(Type::MAILB),
+            254 => Ok(Type::MAILA),
+            255 => Ok(Type::_ALL_),
+            n => Err(ErrorCondition::DeserializationErr(
+                format!("Unknown Question Type {}", n).to_string(),
+            )),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn to_bytes(&self) -> [u8; 2] {
+        let num = match self {
+            Type::A => 1,
+            Type::NS => 2,
+            Type::MD => 3,
+            Type::MF => 4,
+            Type::CNAME => 5,
+            Type::SOA => 6,
+            Type::MB => 7,
+            Type::MG => 8,
+            Type::MR => 9,
+            Type::NULL => 10,
+            Type::WKS => 11,
+            Type::PTR => 12,
+            Type::HINFO => 13,
+            Type::MINFO => 14,
+            Type::MX => 15,
+            Type::TXT => 16,
+            Type::AXFR => 252,
+            Type::MAILB => 253,
+            Type::MAILA => 254,
+            Type::_ALL_ => 255,
+        };
+
+        u16::to_be_bytes(num)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Class {
+    pub fn from_bytes(buf: &[u8]) -> Result<Self, ErrorCondition> {
+        let num = u16::from_be_bytes([buf[0], buf[1]]);
+        match num {
+            1 => Ok(Class::IN),
+            2 => Ok(Class::CS),
+            3 => Ok(Class::CH),
+            4 => Ok(Class::HS),
+            _ => Err(ErrorCondition::DeserializationErr(
+                format!("Unknown Question Class {}", num).to_string(),
+            )),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn to_bytes(&self) -> [u8; 2] {
+        let num = match self {
+            Class::IN => 1,
+            Class::CS => 2,
+            Class::CH => 3,
+            Class::HS => 4,
+            Class::_ALL_ => 255,
+        };
+
+        u16::to_be_bytes(num)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Question {
+    // The from_bytes() function reconstructs a Question struct by iterating through the buffer, extracting labels,
+    // parsing the query type and class.
+    pub fn from_bytes(buf: &[u8]) -> Result<Self, ErrorCondition> {
+        let mut index = 0;
+        let mut labels: Vec<Label> = Vec::new();
+
+        println!("Labels:");
+        while buf[index] != 0 {
+            let len = buf[index] as usize;
+            index += 1;
+            labels.push(Label::new(&buf[index..index + len])?);
+            println!("{:?}", labels); // For debugging purposes
+            index += len;
+        }
+
+        index += 1;
+
+        let qtype = Type::from_bytes(&buf[index..index + 2])?;
+        index += 2;
+        let qclass = Class::from_bytes(&buf[index..index + 2])?;
+
+        Ok(Question {
+            name: labels,
+            qtype,
+            qclass,
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub fn to_bytes(&self) -> Vec<u8> {
+        let mut buf = Vec::new();
+
+        // Write the labels to the buffer and add . inbetween and end with 0
+        for label in &self.name {
+            buf.push(label.len() as u8);
+            buf.extend_from_slice(label.0.as_bytes());
+        }
+        buf.push(0);
+
+        // Write the question type and class to the buffer
+        buf.extend_from_slice(&self.qtype.to_bytes());
+        buf.extend_from_slice(&self.qclass.to_bytes());
+
+        buf
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct ResourceRecord {
+    pub name: String,
+    pub rtype: Type,
+    pub rclass: Class,
+    pub ttl: u32,
+    pub rdlength: u16,
+    pub rdata: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+impl Default for ResourceRecord {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        ResourceRecord {
+            name: String::from("www.rust-trends.com"),
+            rtype: Type::A,
+            rclass: Class::IN,
+            ttl: 60,
+            rdlength: 4,
+            rdata: Vec::from([172, 67, 221, 148]),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl ResourceRecord {
+    pub fn to_bytes(&self) -> Vec<u8> {
+        let mut buf = Vec::with_capacity(MAX_DNS_MESSAGE_SIZE);
+
+        self.name.split('.').for_each(|label| {
+            buf.push(label.len() as u8);
+            buf.extend_from_slice(label.as_bytes());
+        });
+
+        buf.push(0);
+        buf.extend_from_slice(&self.rtype.to_bytes());
+        buf.extend_from_slice(&self.rclass.to_bytes());
+        buf.extend_from_slice(&self.ttl.to_be_bytes());
+        buf.extend_from_slice(&self.rdlength.to_be_bytes());
+        buf.extend_from_slice(&self.rdata);
+
+        buf
+    }
+}

__network/dns-server-tutorial/step3/src/main.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+// src/main.rs
+use std::net::UdpSocket;
+
+mod dns;
+use dns::{Header, Question, ResourceRecord};
+
+// Debug print hex bytes of a buffer 16 bytes width followed by the ASCII representation of the bytes
+fn debug_print_bytes(buf: &[u8]) {
+    for (i, chunk) in buf.chunks(16).enumerate() {
+        print!("{:08x}: ", i * 16);
+        for byte in chunk {
+            print!("{:02x} ", byte);
+        }
+        for _ in 0..(16 - chunk.len()) {
+            print!("   ");
+        }
+        print!("  ");
+        for byte in chunk {
+            if *byte >= 32 && *byte <= 126 {
+                print!("{}", *byte as char);
+            } else {
+                print!(".");
+            }
+        }
+        println!();
+    }
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let socket = UdpSocket::bind("0.0.0.0:1053").expect("Could not bind to port 1053");
+    let mut buf = [0; 512];
+
+    println!("DNS server is running at port 1053");
+
+    loop {
+        let (len, addr) = socket.recv_from(&mut buf).expect("Could not receive data");
+
+        println!("\nReceived query from {} with length {} bytes", addr, len);
+        println!("\n### DNS Query: ###");
+        debug_print_bytes(&buf[..len]);
+
+        let header = Header::from_bytes(&buf[..12]).expect("Could not parse DNS header");
+        println!("\n{:?}", header);
+
+        println!("\n### Question: ###");
+        debug_print_bytes(&buf[12..len]);
+        println!();
+
+        let question = Question::from_bytes(&buf[12..len]).expect("Could not parse DNS question");
+        println!("\n{:?}", question);
+
+        // We parsed the DNS query and question, now we can respond to it
+        let answer = ResourceRecord::default();
+
+        println!("{:?}", answer);
+
+        let response_header = Header {
+            id: header.id,
+            qr: true,              // It is a query response
+            opcode: header.opcode, // Standard query
+            aa: false,             // Not authoritative
+            tc: false,             // Not truncated
+            rd: header.rd,         // Recursion desired
+            ra: false,             // Recursion not available
+            z: 0,                  // Reserved
+            rcode: if header.opcode == 0 { 0 } else { 4 },
+            qdcount: 1, // Question count we assume is 1
+            ancount: 1, // Answer count is 1
+            nscount: 0, // Name server count is 0
+            arcount: 0, // Additional record count is 0
+        };
+
+        // Create a response message with the header and question
+        let mut response: Vec<u8> = Vec::new();
+        response.extend_from_slice(&response_header.to_bytes());
+        response.extend_from_slice(&question.to_bytes());
+        response.extend_from_slice(&answer.to_bytes());
+
+        // Send the response back to the client
+        socket
+            .send_to(&response, addr)
+            .expect("Could not send response");
+    }
+}

scripts/build_readme_rs/src/main.rs

@@ -35,3 +35,6 @@ fn main() -> XResult<()> {
     opt_result!(fs::write("README.md", readme), "Write README.md failed: {}");
     Ok(())
 }
+
+// @SCRIPT-SIGNATURE-V1: yk-r1.ES256.20250308T212308+08:00.MEQCIBblLBxZYIuyjfsrCbQo
+// oGiiiUGtdmjOo0p1s9DfPewYAiBZfpz6Nj737qGfejAPmnO03+NGuR0wc51NqXcer2WxKA==